White Collar Street Crime Essay - 1198 Words

White-Collar Crime or Street Crime: Which is More Costly to Society? What is crime? Merriam-Webster defines crime as â€Å"an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law† (Merriam-Webster). There are many types of crime but the two this paper will focus on are street crime and white- collar crime. There is no definitive definition of street crime, but it is generally thought of as crime that occurs in public such as theft, robbery, car theft, arson, drug dealing, and vandalism. The term â€Å"white-collar crime† was first coined by Edwin Sutherland in 1939 in reference to crimes perpetrated by people in higher†¦show more content†¦Dr. Anderson categorized the effects of crime into four categories: 1) Crime-induced Production which accounts for resources used for purposes that would not be necessary if it weren’t for crime, su ch as correctional facilities, personal protection items, and drug trafficking. He asserted that if not for crime the resources expended on these items could have been used for purposes more beneficial to society. The estimated cost for crime-induced production was $400 billion annually; 2) Opportunity Costs which account for the productivity loss of incarcerated potential workers cost society $5,700 a year per offender or approximately $130.3 billion annually. Since crime is a full-time occupation for many, the goods and services criminals could produce is a cost to society; 3) The Value of Risks to Life and Health includes the emotional and psychological impact of being victimized or the fear of being victimized, and the value of lost life and the value of injuries. These costs were estimated to be $574 million; 4) Transfers refers to the transfer of assets from victim to criminal. Robberies were estimated to have a $775 million cost. The gross burden of crime was estimated to be $1.7 billion or $4,118 per capita (Anderson, 1999). Dr. Anderson’s study used many statistics and took into account factors that most would never realize contributed to the cost of crime, which seem to make for a veryShow MoreRelatedWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1431 Words   |  6 PagesCrimes are one of the many things that all humans have in common. Whether it be a serious crime or not, everyone can commit a crime and go to jail for it. There are two types of crime that can be considered complete opposites of each other. They are white collar crimes and street crimes. White collar crimes are considered nonviolent crimes committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his/her occupation such as fraud, embezzlement, or bribery. On the other hand,Read MoreStreet Crime And White Collar Crimes766 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic crimes goes up as well. Either it’s the street crimes or the white-collar crimes/corporate crimes bu t which of is a wide spread crime. Street crime and white-collar crimes affect the people negatively. You would be hurting yourself and others. Even though, street crimes are more violent then the white-collar. White collar effect you devastating you finacially and emotionally. Street crimes are more generally physical effect. White-collar crimes have financial issue and street crime have safetyRead MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1083 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-collar crimes are just as prevalent today as ordinary street crimes. Studies show that criminal acts committed by white-collar criminals continue to increase due to unforeseen opportunities presented in the corporate world, but these crimes are often overlooked or minimally publicized in reference to criminal acts on the street. Many street crimes are viewed as unnecessary, horrendous crimes because they are committed by lower class citizens, whereas white collar crimes are illegal acts committedRead MoreEssay abo ut White Collar Crime vs. Street Crime665 Words   |  3 PagesWhite Collar Crime vs. Street Crime One problem that plagues our society is crime. Crime is all around us in our everyday lives. Daily we hear of murders, robberies, and rapes. These are categorized as street crimes. For many people, such crimes are the only tragic crimes, the ones that are senseless and preventable. In Finsterbuschs book, Taking Sides, another variety of crime is exposed. This other form of crime is white collar crime. Both have victims, and the effects of bothRead MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes4005 Words   |  17 PagesIn today’s society, both white-collar crimes such as counterfeiting and street crimes such as burglary are prevalent. Both white-collar crimes and street crimes affect society —sometimes in similar ways and in other cases, in much different ways. More often than not, white-collar crimes directly cause more financial detriment than anything else, while street crimes more often than not directly cause more physical harm. The emotional implications of both types of crime are also significant andRead MoreEssay on White-Collar Crime Vs. Street Crime1070 Words   |  5 Pageswith crimes that are considered street crimes. What most people don’t hear about on the news is what is considered white-collar crime, sometimes known as corporate crime. White-collar crime not only is less reported in the media but also receives wea ker punishments than street crime. This paper will first discuss the similarities between the two types of crime and then explain why their punishments are strongly different. Lets first start off by defining each one of these types of crime. StreetRead MoreThe Nature And Organization Of Corporate Environmental Crime961 Words   |  4 Pagesthe nature and organisation of corporate environmental crime. Part II explores the offenders of corporate environmental crime. Part III determines the risk factors for corporate offending. Finally, Part IV analyses environmental regulations. I. NATURE AND ORGANISATION Corporate environmental crime constitutes an important part of white-collar crime. The notion ‘white collar crime’ was introduced by Edwin Sutherland and refers to a crime ‘committed by a person of respectability and high socialRead MorePrisoners Rights954 Words   |  4 PagesSociety Tiffany Horvath SOC 305: Crime and Society Instructor: Efua Akoma October 28, 2013 If you asked 100 random people to describe a criminal, they would describe someone uneducated, in and out of the justice system, a minority or just a basic street criminal. â€Å"National surveys suggest that when Americans think about crime, they see the face of a black jobless high-school dropout from a broken home† (Society, 2013). â€Å"Federal researchers found, for example, that many prisonersRead More The Tragedy of White-Collar Crime Essay examples932 Words   |  4 Pagesin a legitimate occupation and committing, an illegal act is a white-collar crime. â€Å"To be more concise white - collar crime is define as any illegal act, punishable by a criminal sanction, that is committed in the courses of a legitimate occupation or pursuit by a corporation or by an otherwise respectable individual of high social standing† (Conklin, 2007, Criminology, p. 69). This is not to say that all white-collar crime is committed by upper income or affluent persons. The SociologistRead MoreEssay on An Explanation of Corporate Crime856 Words   |  4 PagesAn Explanation of Corporate Crime This analytical source review will analyse and detail the views and opinions of four different sources including: The sociology of corporate crime: an obituary, Corporate Crime, Corporate Crime at the tip of the iceberg and White Collar and Corporate Crime. The topic this review will be primarily concerned with is corporate crime, the topic will be examined and the notion of ignorance towards the subject will be addressed. However

To What Extent Does Genetic Inheritance Influence Behavior

â€Å"To what extent does genetic inheritance influence behavior?† A debate of nature vs. nurture, as in whether it is our inherited genes or environmental factors that affect our behavior, has been going on for years. There are no true experiments on genetic inheritance influencing behavior due to ethical reasons. Only quasi-experiments and theories of pre-existing data are available that are on genetics or environmental factors affecting behavior. With the few studies existing one can still argue that genetic inheritance is a major aspect in what affects behavior but environmental factors can be more affective. There are two main theories of human behavior. Some scientists and psychologists believe in the â€Å"nature† theory, that one†¦show more content†¦We have grown to think in more abstract forms and sort our world by conceptualizing it because of the major growth in technology and science. Although, Flynn’s study is outdated and there are other factors his study does not recognize. For example, interracial mixing has increased largely as well in the past half century. Therefore the conclusion could be bidirectional but then again the technology boom could be the cause of allowing interracial mixing. Similarly to Flynn, Turkheimer searched for data on twins in a wide range of families. He investigated the role of environment and whether heritability of intelligence is equally high in all socio-economic classes. He found that the heritability of IQ for MZ and DZ twins was very high in affluent families. Among twins who grew up in the poorest families, the MZ and DZ twins had scores that varied all the same; therefore heritability of IQ is close to zero. The effect of growing up impoverished overrules genetic influences on IQ but in affluent families, IQ differences can be explained by genetics. However, Turkheimer compared old data from back to the 1970s and used IQ scores of 7 year olds. Taking 7 year olds’ IQ scores and generalizing it for all ages is quite questionable. It is possible that it takes more than 7 years for environmental factors to make large impacts and that before then it is genetic inheritance impacting the most. Also, if one is born handicapped or abnorm al it can impact one’s behaviorShow MoreRelatedWhat Does It Mean You Be A Hum Constantly Changing Definition1099 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Does it Mean to be a Human: Constantly Changing Definition There has been an ongoing debate within psychology circles as to what makes greater impact on a person’s behavior – one’s genetics and inheritance or upbringing and surrounding. There are numerous proponents on both sides. It is a conventional wisdom for everybody that certain physical characteristics are predetermined before we are born as they come from genetics: color of the eyes, hair, body structure, color of skin etc. Each personRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesPsychologically, nature can be termed as the genetic predispositions impact on human traits. Nurture on the other hand, refers to the influence that learning has on the behavior of persons. The influence of learning is exclusively obtained from the environment. Scholars and lay people continue to argue about whether the strengths and weaknesses of people are as a result of their inherited traits or the ones acquired through learning from the environment. Great social implications have been drawnRead MoreCollege Student with Bipolar Disorder Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesdepression, and episodes of mania. â€Å"Extreme changes in energy, activity, sleep, and behavior go along with these changes in mood† (N ational Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2008). A person becomes more goal-oriented and has grandeur visions of success. Patient M shows all these symptoms while talking to her friends and professors in college. She describes herself as a person who is above the two standard genders, what she calls a â€Å"third sex†, and who switched souls with a senior senator from her stateRead MoreEssay on PSY340 r4 Week One Tutorial Quiz1083 Words   |  5 Pagesribonucleic acid. c. autosomal genes. d. recombination genes. 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the many ways that genes can affect behavior? a. Genes may affect neurotransmitter levels or receptors. b. Genes can act indirectly by making it more likely you will be raised in a particular environment. c. Genes themselves cause behavior without any influence of the environment. d. Genes produce proteins that may make it more likely for a person to become addicted. 3. Nerves from the central nervousRead MorePhysical And Behavioral Changes Of A Child s Temperament, And Capacities That Are Inherited From One s Parents1602 Words   |  7 Pagesrefers to their distinctive ways of reacting to emotional events, novel stimuli, and their own impulses is partially affected by their own genetic makeup. Therefore, whether one is an introvert or an extrovert has some genetic say. On the other hand, mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression have been proven to influence nature. According to statistical records, bipolar disorder is four to six times more likely to develop when there is a family history ofRead MoreA Study Led By David T. Lykken1568 Words   |  7 Pagestheir instincts, which were based on physical state of body, and a great deal of what happens in our body depends on genes, which are responsible for the proteins produced in the body, carrying out chemical reactions and regulating all the physical responses. (Kent, 2013) Therefore the researchers had an appropriate speculation that basis of personality may be genetically inherited. Studies of behavioural genetics implied that differences in personalities are result entirely of genes and non-sharedRead MoreCriminal Profiling And The Criminal Justice System1117 Words   |  5 Pagesthe criminal justice system today. Criminology targets why individuals commit crimes and why they behave in certain situations. By understanding why a person commits a crime, you can develop ways to control crime or change the criminal to a certain extent. There are many theories in criminology. Some characterize crime to the individual. They believe that an individual weighs the pros and cons and makes a choice whether or not to act criminally. Others believe it is the community’s responsibility toRead MoreThe Effect of the Social Context of Scientific Work on the Methods and Findings of Science637 Words   |  3 Pagesinventions. With even more abundance, scientific understanding and questioning evolve as time progresses. As the human race changes and grows, scientific knowledge of the world and universe must expand to accommodate the growth. To a large extent, the social situations surrounding the scientific work affect the specific sciences that are investigated. Historically, the use of science to explain natural phenomenon has existed for many centuries. Ancient establishments suchRead MoreHow Does Genetics Influence Human Behavior Essay1805 Words   |  8 PagesNAME: OMATSONE ONETORITSEBAWO LOUIS QUESTION: HOW DOES GENETICS INFLUENCE HUMAN BEHAVIOURS MODULE 4 TOPIC: PSYCHOLOGY STUDENT ID: PMC 26995-NG-UK PROJECT MANAGEMENT COLLEGE UK TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2. TYPES OF GENETICS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 3. LEVEL OF GENETIC INFLUENCE OF PSYVHOLOGICAL TRAITS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 4. GENETICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 5. CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 6. REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreIntellectual Success Is A Determining Factor That Will Govern An Individual s Quality Of Life3403 Words   |  14 Pageschildren reared in the same environment with exposure to economic, health care and socialization influences that promote high performance of measures of school achievement will achieve the same level of academic success. It is demonstrated that sociocultural factors determine an individual’s intellectual success and influence the opportunities they are exposed to. This essay will examine to what extent to sociocultural factors affect an individual’s intellectual success. Various theories of intelligence

Carbon Nanotube Desktop Reactor with Plasma - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCarbon Nanotube Desktop Reactor with Plasma. Answer: Introduction Carbon nanotubes show enormous panorama in uses through many industries such as the electronics and radical compounds. Growing isolated carbon nanotube is usually required most of these uses. Chemical vapour deposition procedures are now a routine in growing of carbon nanotubes. Chemical vapour deposition can support the growth of dense medium of elevated carbon nanotubes though cannot generate vertical carbon nanotubes. The latest study suggests that including plasma to carbon vapour deposition procedure can significantly enhance the possibility of developing vertical Carbon nanotubes.(Bishop, 2013) Benefits of adding plasma It helps in decomposing reactant gases used in the production of nanotubes. Generates an electric field that helps in the vertical alignment of the carbon nanotubes. Injects additional energy.(Chopra, 2012) Background research reveals four principal means of generating plasma for the plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition systems: direct current, inductively coupled, RF triode and microwave. Plasma enhanced vapour deposition methods are mainly classified into three modules, and another associate module design: plasma coil, reaction chamber, electronics, controllers of operational condition, substrate holder and the heating assembly. Customer necessities and provisions are used in providing a guideline for the formulation of the initial concepts pertaining every module. (Huimin Liu, 2013) The ultimate design fits into 0.457m by 0.457m base platter and height within 0.305m. Reaction chamber comprises three orthogonal tubes mutually intersecting at the midpoint. A quartz tube is fixed at the end of one its tubes. A plasma wind is done on the tube to aide ignition of the reactant gases as they enter reaction chamber. Full substrate holder, adjustable electrode and the heating process get packed in one tray thats able to slide into or out of reaction chamber. The infrared sensor and the chamber are designed into a stand containing a linear bearing thats suitable for the purpose opening and closing of the chamber. (Jiyang Fan, 2014) The whole chamber comprises commercially available assembled components, with the electrode, system tray, heat sink, and system stand and substrate system.(Franssila, 2010) Design modules Essentially, a reaction chamber is the flundamental element of all plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition systems hence much effort is accorded to it in terms of design. Its this chamber that houses the process of nanotube growth as well as plasma generation. It comprises of viewports, chamber walls, in and out reactant gas passage and an electrical feed. The rest of the modules depend on reaction chamber design. The internal chamber as a module hugely relies on reaction chambers interior geometry. Therefore, concepts needed to be employed for reaction chamber design first, before much effort was afforded the other modules.(Sharpe, 2009)A pumping system, infrared sensor and fittings are selected to enhance the process of making controllers of an operating condition. As for the supporting electronics and plasma coil, a matching network, power supply and coil design are developed. An electrode assembly is designed as an extra design work in the internal chamber assemblage. Strategies for plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition Local plasma, plasma is created right over the substrate through growing environment. Remote plasma, plasma is generated separately from the growing environment after which its made to flow to the substrate. (Zhang, 2012)The main drawback of remote plasma is that weaker electric field necessary for nanotubes vertical alignment for vertical alignment of the nanotubes is easily overcome by any independent electric field separately generated near the substrate. Thus majority design concepts employ remote plasma.(Popov, 2008) Concept Summary Seven concepts as illustrated in the figures below were generated for this design with two of the catering for every type of the geometry chamber. All the concepts utilized both the local and plasma approaches. Materials used as stainless and quartz. Adjustable electrode stands out as a key design module here. The box section containing plasma system has antennae have the shape of a heating coil, located on the outer side of the chamber to aide ignition of the local plasma. The front section is open to facilitate substrate access. Remote plasma disjoins the electric field and power source. The section box containing inductive plasma helps create the remote plasma that moves in the chamber. One is required to open gas outlet end thereby providing for substrate access. The tube holding the remote plasma helps in adding that plasma to the chemical vapour deposition system with the oven as a heat source. Direct current substrate bias and remotely inducted plasma the above tube design employs the use of use of one quartz tube through which plasma is created using a coil at one end. The electrodes placed on opposite end allow for voltage supply. Pyrex cross design from commercial Pyrex cross has two ends, one for sample loading and the other one for plasma generation. A cross design (six-way) can also be generated in a number of ways. A steel chamber and spherical Pyrex with local plasma are also designed with the hemispherical Pyrex that allows us to view substrate through nanotube growth. Adjustable Electrode Sub module Comprises of the automatic adjustment which employs the use of a direct current motor the two wheels responsible for moving the electrode up and down. The seal has to be made dynamic enough to enhance electrode movement at a constant pressure difference within the chamber and atmosphere. There is also manual adjustment which uses a wound rod with the electrode attached to it. Rotation of the rod ensures that the electrode moves up and down.(Vossen, 2017) Discussions and Observations Laboratory research by most lab users who have tried different chemical vapour deposition setups helps us make a choice among the two leading concepts of design. The vast experience among laboratory users enables them to interact with most useful features that are essential in improving the system usability. Watching the lab users setup, grow the carbon nanotubes also enables us to understand the handling of the samples. Professional interaction with lab technicians doing plasma research helps greatly in making the decision on the remote and local plasma. Furthermore, they provide information involving the advantages of both sources of plasma as well as a valuable necessary consultation knowledge on a suitable method of generating plasma. Final Concept Remotely inductive plasma source allows easy decoupling of the plasma as well as controlling the electric field. Its also essential in improving system adjustability. Besides, it is relatively cheaper compared to microwave plasma and provides for a cleaner operation (Ostrikov, 2007) Therefore, exploring the option of six-arms cross provides for an enormous adjustment to be made in the coming times.(Vladimirov, 2005)Hence the choice of a cross design. With limited project time frame, buying the chamber parts the components helps in ensuring that the parts assembled are easily capable of holding the vacuum as well as save on time that could be used machining them.(Ramesh, 2009) Final Design The final designing program is put in three sectional assemblies as seen the figure below. They include; Reaction chamber- quartz tube that holds plasma and the body. Internal chamber- entails heating mechanisms, the electrode and the substrate holding. Base and supports entails chamber supports, internal tray support, IR sensor with its support and the overall base support for other bases. The whole setup is shown below; Chamber Design In making a design decision for the chamber, the cross geometry is purchased as its more flexible and has a huge range of standard components available to select from in choosing this. All of its projections attain Klein Flanges standards set by ISO thus allows profoundly easy fit all together. The gas is streamed through a fitting outlined in the diagram below. It then travels the quartz tube that is attached to two connect fittings to allow for easy exchange of fresh tubes as well as the tubes with different lengths. This tube is then wound with a copper wire, then linked to a plasma-producing generator. Another quick connection is then provided, to connect quartz tube with the other left end in the six-way cross-chamber. The upper and back The upper and back projection in this chamber has a number of cordial glass avenues that enable us to view the internal features as the lower projection helps us achieve an optical access to the IR sensor. The front projection allows for an elec trical feeding passage consisting of individual eight sealed pressure copper pins. Thereafter, the gas flows out through the standard KF projection that is attached to the steel hose connected to the vacuum pump. Internal Chamber Assembly This chamber performs the task of giving mutual support to every element used in carbon nanotube making process. The essential section of assembly encompasses a system tray, that is connected to electrical feed through projection by use of a set of screw collars and steel pins (dowel pins). These pins are then pressed to fit in the projection and slip to exactly fit into the system tray. The lower three pins holding electric feed into the system can be removed to help knock off any interference they may bring to the system tray. (Seshan, 2012) There are two rods in the grooves laid tray system, whose main role is supporting the gathering of the substrate and keeping it isolated electrically from the chamber and the system tray. Substrate assemblage comprises a heating element that is resistive (silicon) and the heat sinks (two). The heating element provides support to the substrate. The heat sinks hold the heating element, as well as allowing current through it, enabling it to heat up the substrate in the long run. The second figure below gives an outlook of how a heat sink is constructed(Mattox, 2016). To create the electric field, an electrode is used. It is supported by the quartz rods vertically set in the tray system. Silver tipped screw sets are then used to control the height. The electrode and the heat sinks are connected to one of the feed pins each separately. The remaining two pins will be used in the removable thermocouple for the purpose of IR sensor calibration. Lastly, the connection between the actual clamps, wires, is determined. (Popov, 2008) Base and Supports The base plate is made of alluminium and also holds the chamber supports, which are mounted to it. The supports help in keeping a fixed height of the chamber. It is also the base support into which the IR sensor is screwed. The stand for IR sensor gives a provision for adjusting the sensor vertically for the purpose of proper calibration to an appropriate height. The support for the system tray keeps the internal structures with system tray at the desired height designed. This holder, system tray, helps in proper adjustment of the stand aligning it with the chamber through an efficient vertical motion it provides. This holder is designed to be able to slide on the rail thus allowing movement of system tray completely from the chamber, as shown in the figure below. Essentially, its useful in substrate loading and off-loading, in the growing of the carbon nanotubes, enhancing cleaning of the whole system tray through its complete removal and replacement of the heating elements. Analysis regarding usability; INITIAL SET-UP Support the projection with the substrate frame on the slot of the chamber and then fix the gas to the tube inlet thereafter fix the pump to the chamber outlet. Slide the projection with substrate into the chamber and link every electrical feed from the projection supporting substrate to the electrodes. Put the substrate into a holder and then slide it gently and finish all the electrical links through the projections by linking the direct current power supply with the feed through. Link the coil with marching network, marching network and power source then the controller of the automatic network marching. Ensure all viewports and projections are in right positions.(Seshan, 2012) PROCESS SET-UP Induce a low pressure in the chamber by introducing inert gas like helium and open the gas flow while ensuring a desired rate of flow. Now put on the power source maintaining a desirable power level using an option of forwarding power in the generator, then wait until the generation of plasma in quartz tube is done, ensuring that the impedance source of 50 Ohms equals plasma impedance. After carbon nanotube reaches the desirable levels, put off the power source, vacuum and flow rates. Give it some minutes before embarking on dismounting of substrate stand and the flange in order to gain substrate access. Detach all the electrical connections carefully then take out the substrate. In case a direct current source is used instead, for power generation, then the electrode would have to be removed before getting an access to the substrate.(Popov, 2008) Validation Plan In ensuring that the project meets engineering specifications, a number of required experiments have to be conducted(Etching, 2008). All of the mandatory tests to be performed are provided in the figure below, in an order of low priority in their undertaking. To avoid help avoid failure in some parts, wall temperatures and pressure of the chamber are checked and controlled. A calibrated IR sensor is used in measuring temperature, whose analysis helps determine if the required conditions are achieved, and the pressure measured by a pressure gauge. Plasma creation is visually seen through its ignition in the clear quartz tube. A confirmation of the growth of carbon nanotubes is achieved through the viewing of certain black growth occurring on the wafer or scanning by electronic microscope. Finally, SEM will go on to prove that this system has the capacity to produce isolated nanotubes vertically.(Franssila, 2010) Risks and Countermeasures During the process of the undertaking of the project work, there is a certain foreseeable risk level that basically needs to be factored in the process of project work plan. It's therefore essential that we formulate the necessary measures to counteract these risks involved in the implementation process. Proper handling of such issues greatly helps in making the project within the stipulated timelines. The table below gives a summary of anticipated risks, problems as well as associated countermeasures (Vossen, 2017) Conclusion Evaluation of the above design concepts desires that a rating against the five critical criteria (adjustability, substrate access, fabrication ease, cost and size) be done to help come up with the best two options. System adjustability helps in increasing the rate of use of the system while at the same time reducing the ownership cost of the customer. Substrate accessibility enhances reduction in time between experiments as well as sample swapping between experiments. Easy fabrication enhances efficient assembling of the system thus meeting customer requirements profoundly. Cost as critical criteria helps keep in check project budget level reasonably well for the system. Desktop size then is critical to suit customer requirement. Every design is rated to ascertain its strength as well as a weakness with the best two options being a remote plasma box with six-way steel cross.(Ostrikov, 2007) References Bishop, C., 2013. Vacuum Deposition onto Webs, Films, and Foils. Wilmington: Elsevier Science. Chopra, K., 2012. Thin Film Device Applications. illustrated ed. Nawanshahr: Springer Science Business Media. Ebbesen, W., 2010. Carbon Nanotubes:. illustrated ed. Chicago: CRC Press. Etching, P., 2008. Plasma Sources for Thin Film Deposition and Etching. illustrated ed. s.l.: Elsevier. Franssila, S., 2010. Introduction to Microfabrication. 2 ed. Helsinki: John Wiley Sons. Huimin, D., 2013. Diamond Chemical Vapor Deposition:. Chicago: Elsevier Science. Jiyang, C., 2014. Silicon Carbide Nanostructures: Fabrication, Structure, and Properties. illustrated ed. Hong Kong: Springer. Markku, M., 2009. Handbook of Silicon Based MEMS. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Mattox, M., 2014. Handbook of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Processing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mattox, M., 2016. Handbook of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Processing. revised ed. Kentucky: William Andrew. Nanomaterials, P., 2011. Plasma Processing of Nanomaterials. illustrated ed. Cleveland: CRC Press. Nicholson, K., Taphouse, J., Viswanathan, J. Yamasaki, B., 2008-12. A Desktop Reactor for Plasma-Enhanced Growth of Carbon Nanotubes, Michigan: s.n. Ostrikov, K., 2007. Plasma-Aided Nanofabrication:. Sydney: John Wiley Sons. Ostrikov, K., 2008. PLASMA NANOSCIENCE. SYDNEY: JOHN WILEY AND SONS. Pierson, H. O., 2012. Handbook of Chemical Vapor Deposition:. Paris: Elsevier Science. Popov, O. A., 2008. High-Density Plasma Sources: Design, Physics, and Performance. illustrated ed. Mosco: Noyes Publications. Popov, O. A., 2013. High-Density Plasma Sources: Design, Physics and Performance. Mosco: Elsevier Science. Ramesh, K., 2009. Nanomaterials: Mechanics and Mechanisms. illustrated, reprinted. Baltimore: Springer Science Business Media. Seshan, K., 2012. Handbook of Thin Film Deposition: Techniques, Processes, and Technologies. illustrated, revised ed. Arizona: William Andrew. Sharpe, W., 2009. Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics. illustrated ed. Hampton: Springer Science Business Media. Vladimirov, S., 2005. Physics and Applications of Complex Plasmas. s.l. World Scientific. Vossen, L., 2017. Physics of Thin Films:. revised ed. New York: Elsevier Science. Yang, F., 2009. Micro and Nano Mechanical Testing:. illustrated ed. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media. Zhang, Q., 2012. Advances in Nanodevices and Nanofabrication:. illustrated ed. London: CRC Press.v

Leslie Fay Case Essay Essay Example

Leslie Fay Case Essay Paper 1. After reexamining the common size fiscal statements and the cardinal ratios of Leslie Fay. there some of the fiscal statement point that should hold been of peculiar involvement to BDO Seidman: 1 ) . Gross saless: the gross revenues has been turning steadily except the little bead in 1991. which is contrary to the industry recession. 2 ) . Inventory: Leslie Fay has been known for non catching up the manner. there should be inventory write-off issue in the dress industry. which haven’t been reflected in the stock list history though. We will write a custom essay sample on Leslie Fay Case Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leslie Fay Case Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leslie Fay Case Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 3 ) A/R: ever a high spot because of its nature of concealment fraud 4 ) . Other assets account: the current and speedy ratio of Leslie Fay is significantly higher than the industry norm. 5 ) . Liability history: A/P and debt. to see if understated. 2. Other fiscal info that the hearer might hold obtained: 1 ) . The contract or understanding of Leslie Fay and section shops to verify the A/R and liability 2 ) . Documentation with its client sing its orders 3 ) . Its recognition and bad debt write-down policy 3. Non-financial factors the hearer should see: 1 ) . The industry 2 ) . Impact of economic system on this peculiar industry and company 3 ) . The company’s construction. history and forces 4 ) . Government ordinances that have influenced or will demo the attempt on the company 4. Paul Polishan’s laterality has double deductions on the audit: 1 ) . Suppose he’s a morally-impeccable individual who did everything right and held high unity and duty towards the company. his laterality still shows an internal control failing which lack the segregation of responsibilities. Such system is prone to the fraud and if Mr. Polishan is ill or absent from work for whatever ground. the finance section might non work good. 2 ) . Mr. Polishan’s laterality explained the fraud he perpetuated and hid. The audit should take this into consideration when be aftering the audit. Mr. Polishan’s laterality might bespeak a weak internal control system. which should be evaluated at higher hazard and more substantial trial should be planned thenceforth. The audit should besides ask more people. including other staff in the finance section and the company’s providers to verify the histories instead than seting inordinate religion in what Mr. Polishan has tried to hold the audit believe. 5. SEC ruled that BDO Seidman’s independency was jeopardized because it’s been foolhardy in scrutinizing the ruddy flags shown in Leslie Fay’s fiscal statements. J. B. Hanauer A ; Co Case 1. Receivables from clients and other securities firm houses normally histories for 90 % or more of a brokerage’s entire assets. enforcing the biggest internal control hazard. The specific hazards of J. B. Hanauer includes: the extended duty of its gross revenues staff. The hearer hasn’t sufficiently taken this into consideration and didn’t decently look into these hazards. Their uncertainties were allayed by the Hanauer’s response to the SEC countenances. 2. Hanauer’s hearer sent out the verification missive to verify the being of the history receivables and its dollar value. 1 ) For the first type of history which carries recognition balances represented clients to whom Hanauer owed hard currency at year-end. the hearer aim is to verify the hard currency balance is right under the right name. 2 ) For the 2nd type stand foring clients who owed hard currency to the securities firm house. the hearer aim is to verify the firm’s non exaggerating it. 3 ) For the 3rd and 4th group. the hazard is much smaller since there are small room for the house to pull strings them. 3. For the histories the client didn’t want confirm. the extra processs may include: enquiry of the direction and gross revenues individual. read certifications about these histories and dealing history and resign if the client insists on non leting them to corroborate these histories. 4. Material audit range restriction is some actions from the client taking to the dollar value large plenty to act upon the user of its fiscal statements if non disclosed. I wholly agree with SEC that Hanauer’s direction imposed a stuff range restriction on the audit because the dolar value of unmailed verification histories for 18 % to 26 % of dollar value of histories selected for verification. which is extremely material. 5. The audit client should be allowed to â€Å"follow† its engagement audit spouse to another accounting house because it evidently breach the independency of the hearer after hammering a relationship with the clients. SOX specified the â€Å"cooling-off† period for the hearer from come ining the client direction. this serves the same intent as good. Flight Transportation Corporation Case 1. Memo: Thirty. Twenty. 1980 Harrington. With respects to the FTC’s 5. 2 1000000s of air charter grosss from IAS. I didn’t happen Rubin’s accounts converting for deficiency of certification for those minutess. Due to the extremely materiality and nature of this dealing. I suggest us to farther pursue those grosss for the proper certification. I retain my sentiment on this issue until the farther grounds. Should we discourse this affair or convey it to the higher degree. allow me cognize. Gregory Arnott 2. Measures accounting houses can follow to take down hazards that hearers will capitulate to their higher-ups when proficient dissensions originate during the audit: 1 ) Internal control system that segregate responsibilities. forestalling the laterality of certain cardinal employees 2 ) By-laws that prevent the right of staff from describing to a higher degree when placing fraud 3 ) Regular reappraisal and rating of each staff 3. If I was the staff hearer who discovered the fake air charter gross. I assume I have the duty of conveying it to the attending of higher degree. I would describe to my immediate directors to discourse the farther steps. if he refuses the farther investigate. I’ll write a memo to disassociate myself from Harrington’s determination to accept those gross. 4. Additional audit processs applied to the 1981 FTC Cayman gross include: 1 ) Confirmation or surprise visit to the Cayman ltd. 2 ) Review the certification of contract with Cayman to place the nature of the dealing 3 ) Have the FTC direction supply a written memo explicating the gross of related party dealing. 4 ) Research or analysis of the intervention of those related party dealing. 5. Defects in the auditor’s verification process: a ) Went to Rubin to corroborate the gross from Cayman. He’s evidently non the right individual to travel. B ) Accepted Rubin’s account for the IAS gross without the proper certification. degree Celsiuss ) No farther grounds was intended to be achieved. 6. Other particular hazards of the audit: the weak internal control system. deficiency of certification. industry recession. demand of big capital to finance operation. concentration of gross from one major client. 7. Specific steps audit houses can take to guarantee that client-imposed force per unit area does non adversely impact the quality of an independency audit: 1 ) . Clearly define the duty and right in the engagement missive 2 ) . Seasonably and proper communicating with the client in footings of their outlook being excessively high or non 3 ) . Working with the client’s audit commission to acquire through the job instead than straight with client’s direction 4 ) . Vacate if the force per unit area is inordinate to the point that jeopardize the quality if the audit