Essay --

The Last Lecture is a powerful and inspirational book written by a Professor of Computer Science, turned on(predicate) Pausch. The book is a memoir of his life based on the last lecture he gave at Carnegie Mellon University about a year before he died of pancreatic targetcer. Although, it was his last lecture, it is clear that the lecture itself is not about dying. Similarly, the book is not about Pauschs death. The book consists of various stories from Randys Pausch life, and ideas on living life to the fullest. In this paper, I will review Pausch story, and identify issues, concerns, and possibilities discussed in the book. Further, I will explore what needs to be done in respond to these issues.Book overview In the beginning of the book, Pausch reveals that he is diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and his recent treatments did not manoeuver, so he has only months to live. While for the most burst Im in terrific physical shape, I have ten tumors in my liver and I have only a some months left to live.I am a father of three young children, and married to the woman of my dreams. While I could easily feel sorry for myself, that wouldnt do them, or me, any good (Pausch, 2008). Knowing that he has a very limited time to live, Pausch decides to write a lecture on achieving puerility dreams. To him, the lecture will be a legacy that he can leave for his children. When Pausch discusses his childhood dreams, he describes how his parents made achieving his dreams possible by their constant support. He talks about each of his childhood dreams and what he has learned from them. Pausch never made it to the NFL, but he had learned many valuable lessons from participating in sports. For instance, Pausch learned important lessons from his... ...g dealers or gang dealers (Rudkin, 2003).Conclusion This paper is a report of the book The Last Lecture by Randy Pausch. In my work I made an attempt to identify issues, concerns, and possibilities discussed in the book, and to explore what needs to be done in respond to these issues. The book is a memoir of Pauschs life in which he shares his wisdom about how to live a productive and meaningful life. The lessons, questions and issues that this book raise are universal. Many people can benefit from the book regardless of their age, race, or social status. I cannot express how much I enjoyed this book. Randys Pausch life is a truly preposterous powerful story that can serve as a guide for families, schools, and community leaders on how to help our children develop the skills of resilience to deal much effectively with stress, and to cope with everyday challenges.

Light and Sight in The Good-Morrow Essay -- Good-Morrow Essays

Light and Sight in The Good-Morrow   John Donnes poetry deals with themes of creation and discovery. In his work The Good-Morrow, these issues are discussed through the use of poetic symbols. Donne gives major emphasis to the sense of sight as a way of discovering pure love. The first stanza contains images of sleep and, more gener everyy, the ways in which superstars middleball jakes be closed to the world. Donne uses phrases like not weaned (2), childishly (3), and dream (7), to suggest the idea that when ones eyes are closed, in that respect is more than waking that is denied from the sense of sight. In the visual example given, his imagery goes beyond that which is normally associated with the absence of light. Figuratively speaking, the narrator is talking some the light which comes from being knowledgeable about the ways of the world. In this sense, to have a dream of someone is to look at an illusion (7). This presents an interesting paradox. When talking abou t issues of blindness and sight, one necessarily assumes that some kind of light is present. Sight only comes into play when one is either denied vision or given the franchise of vision in the material world. To the speaker, a world without the presence of light has no concept of basic form. The last two lines of the first stanza deal with this issue. Those lines state,If perpetually any beauty I did see,/Which I desired, and got, twas but a dream of thee. (6-7) Though the speaker is in a place where there is no light, inside the world of the sleeping dream, shades of beauty have come to him, and he has mistook them for the true light of beauty introduced in the next stanza. Throughout stanza two, images waking into the daylight world replace the dark images of slee... ...Through the act of looking, the outside world can be viewed as a direct manifestation of the power of true love. The spring line of this stanza reads,My face in thine eye, thine in mine appears, (15) Giving th e reader an image showing the circular reflection of a face within an eye suggests the form of a world existing within the gaze of the speaker. The reflected image is actually a world of potential, filled with hope of love, that creates a light all its own. The last lines of the poem allude to this,If our two loves be one, or thou and I/Love so alike that none do slacken, none can die. (20-1) The speaker, and perhaps Donne himself, is given the power of life eternal through the love he finds in his partners eyes. Their two loves are truly one if by the grace of their emotions for each other, they can imagine a life together where,none can die  

Short story analysis :: essays research papers

"THE STORY OF TONY DELVECCHIO""This is the story of a man who grew up, lived, worked with, and became friends with some of the most famous and notorious people of our time and he lived to tell the tale." A father angrily picks up his son from jail who was arrested with a couple of local rational guys. As they leave the prison, the son is confused by his fathers behavior. He thought his father would be proud since he heard all the stories of his fathers past, being best friends with stern Gotti and Frank Sinatra. The father takes him up to the cabin to tell him the story of his life. The fathers name is Tony Delvecchio. He begins telling his son the story of his life as a wise guy. Tony used to take beatings from his father, after his father got through beating his mother. Tony grew up in the poor town of Newark, New Jersey. To escape the beating Tony became a champion working out in the local gym. That is where he caught the eye of the local wise guys. It was hi s first fight and Tony was killing his opponent. He took the rage of his father out on the other fighter. This is when the two local wise guys thought that he could be useful. Smudgie and Demus ran Newark for the Mafia. They invited Tony to dinner and brought him to Jillys, the hottest nightclub in New York at the time. Frank Sinatra, Marilyn Monroe and instrument Lawford were there. From the day on, he knew that this was the life he wanted. Smudgie started liking him and became like a father figure. This took him in to a life of collecting debts and running numbers for the mob. He had everything he thought he ever wanted. He had money and could do what ever he wanted. He learned quickly the figures and the most important rule of them all never to rat. After a while, the big bosss son wanted to make an example of Smudgie, mostly because he was getting too much power. Therefore, they be sick a hit out on Smudgie. The hit went bad and Smudgie took out most of them but Smudgie, hims elf was hit. They were still after him and Tony helped the only father he truly knew escape. That meant he had to lay low for a while.

The Dobe Ju/ hoansi Essay example -- essays research papers

The Dobe Ju/ hoansiCh 10 The Ju/ hoansi & their neighborsoThe Ju/hoansi sh be the Dobe area with the Herero and Tswana pastorals. oThey grow crops and have herds yet are all based on kinship and are dont have developed markets or governments.oHereros are the largest groups of in the Dobe area. They are Bantu speaking people.oWere influenced by the German missionaries who pushed them out of their land. They attacked colonists and Germany declared war, ultimately killing 60% of them. oWorking on Herero cattle posts is major source of employment of the Ju. oWith the H& Ts came major ecological changes. oWells were deepened to ensure water supply for stock and were also fenced in.oHas created more sanitary water scarcely less is available. Goats have also destroyed the grass. And each cattle post now has a permanent population of houseflies. oWorking for the Hereros gives a Ju a donkey to ride as well as an outfit. Wages are minimum but it offers a calf in the long run and big busines sman to offer relatives hospitality. oIntermarriage is common with Ju women marry Black men. oAdvantages- Ju woman are in the ar...

Climate Change Denial and the Media Essay -- Global Warming Cover-Up, 2

The pace of global warming is accelerating and the scale of the impact is devastating. The era for action is limited - we are approaching a tipping point beyond which the opportunity to reverse the damage of CO2 emissions will disappear.-- Eliot SpitzerGlobal warming isnt a prediction. It is happening.-- James HansenClimate change, specifically in reference to C02 Emissions released by human use of fossil fuels and their consequential effects on the environment, is perhaps one of the or so pressing growths we, not just as Americans, but as human beings face in our lifetimes. Though it may sound like a sensationalist statement the facts are hard to deny. In May of 2013, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reported that atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide surpassed 400 separate per one thousand billion (ESRL Global Monitoring Division bleaks Items). Experts in this field estimate that a safe level of atmospheric C02 concentration is around 350 milli on parts per million (400 Ppm CO2 What It Means). It should also be noted that the last time the Earth had this level of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere was 3 million years ago when it is estimated that sea levels were around 80 feet higher (Prinn).Yet despite these circumstances climate change represents just 1% of all media headlines (Project for better environmental Coverage). Entertainment, which makes for 3% of headlines, received three times the coverage of environmental issues (Project for Improved Environmental Coverage).When the environment does in fact receive such scarce coverage, the issue of climate change is often times covered under a guise of false objectivity. A valid argument can be do that the media has failed the public on the i... ...tical Space Association, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.Kaplan, Joel. Objectivity & Balance Todays Best Practices in American Journalism. Publication. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.Kovach, Bill, and Tom Rosenstiel. The Elements of Journal ism What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect. New York Crown, 2001. Print.Prinn, Ron. 400 Ppm CO2? Add Other GHGs, and Its Equivalent to 478 Ppm. Oceans at MIT. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 6 June 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.Project for Improved Environmental Coverage. Project for Improved Environmental Coverage. Project for Improved Environmental Coverage, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.Eliot Spitzer Quotehttp//www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/global_warming.htmlH2fdTgav5l6VVGt8.99James Hansen Quotehttp//www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/global_warming.htmlH2fdTgav5l6VVGt8.99

Climate Change Denial and the Media Essay -- Global Warming Cover-Up, 2

The pace of global warming is accelerating and the scale of the impact is devastating. The time for action is limited - we are come near a tipping point beyond which the opportunity to reverse the damage of CO2 emissions will disappear.-- Eliot SpitzerGlobal warming isnt a prediction. It is happening.-- James HansenClimate change, specifically in reference to C02 Emissions released by human use of fossil fuels and their consequential effects on the environment, is perhaps one of the most pressing issues we, not just as Americans, but as human beings face in our life time. Though it may sound like a sensationalist statement the facts are hard to deny. In May of 2013, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reported that atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide surpassed 400 parts per million (ESRL Global Monitoring function News Items). Experts in this field estimate that a safe level of atmospheric C02 concentration is about 350 million parts per million (400 Ppm CO2 What It Means). It should too be noted that the last time the Earth had this level of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere was 3 million years ago when it is estimated that sea levels were around 80 feet higher (Prinn).Yet despite these circumstances climate change represents just 1% of all media headlines (Project for Improved environmental Coverage). Entertainment, which makes for 3% of headlines, received three multiplication the coverage of environmental issues (Project for Improved Environmental Coverage).When the environment does in fact receive such scarce coverage, the issue of climate change is often times covered under a guise of false objectivity. A valid argument can be made that the media has failed the public on the i... ...tical Space Association, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.Kaplan, Joel. objectiveness & Balance Todays Best Practices in American Journalism. Publication. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.Kovach, Bill, and Tom Rosenstiel. The Elements of Journalism What N ewspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect. New York Crown, 2001. Print.Prinn, Ron. 400 Ppm CO2? Add early(a) GHGs, and Its Equivalent to 478 Ppm. Oceans at MIT. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 6 June 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.Project for Improved Environmental Coverage. Project for Improved Environmental Coverage. Project for Improved Environmental Coverage, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.Eliot Spitzer Quotehttp//www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/global_warming.htmlH2fdTgav5l6VVGt8.99James Hansen Quotehttp//www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/global_warming.htmlH2fdTgav5l6VVGt8.99

How calcium is absorbed in the body Essay

Calcium in the diet of a teenager is actively absorbed in the small intestine and transferred into the intestinal capillaries. expound the route this atomic number 20 would follow to end up in the upper arm. Describe in detail the role of calcium at the neuromuscular joint as well as its role in the mechanism of bodybuilder contr carry out and relaxation of the triceps. Considering the function of calcium in turn out growth, explain in detail how the humerus would grow in length.Calcium in the diet of a teenager is absorbed in the small intestine and transferred to the intestinal capillaries. It diffuses into the bloodstream done the gastric vein into the hepatic vein and then by means of the common iliac vein into the superior/inferior vena cava that brings the blood into the right atrium of the heart. The sinoatrial thickening which is located in the right atrial wall, would send an electrical impulse through the heart, causing it to contract. This would then trigger the AV node (which is located mingled with the septum between two atria) to contract as well. When the AV node contracts it sends an impulse through the AV bundle and into the purkinje fibers (which in return causes the entire heart to contract). later going through the right atrium, when the heart contracts it opens up the tricuspid valve, therefore pushing the calcium into the right ventricle.When the heart contracts again (SA node contracts again through AV bundle and purkinje fibers) it causes the pulmonary semilunar valve to open and enters the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries which then brings the blood into the lungs. Then it goes through a systemic entwine (the tissue capillaries of the lungs) , which takes the now oxygenated blood and returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins from the lungs. Then from the pulmonary veins the blood enters the left atrium (SA node will contract, causing AV node to contract, move impulse through the AV bundle, ending at the purkinje fibe rs) and calcium forces through the bicuspid valve, and into the left ventricle. Then the heart contracts, and (SA node/AV node/AV bundle/purkinje fibers) causing contraction and blood travels through the aortic valve and then into the aorta. From the aorta, the calcium in the blood goes into the right and left subclavian artery and branches shovel in to the axillary artery, and then towards the brachial artery. From the brachialartery, the oxygenated blood containing calcium in it, goes to the energys of the upper arm (the brachii muscles) and gives nutrients to the tissue cells.Calcium plays an important role in muscle contraction. Firstly, an action potential arriving at the acon triggers the release of the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACH) at the neuromuscular junction. The acetylcholine (ACH) binds with the muscle receptor and sodium ions (Na+) are released, which triggers the action potential in the muscle cell. The action potential transmits through the sarcolemma. The calcium (Ca+) ions are then released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The calcium ions bind with troponin (making it change shape) which makes the troponin release tropomyosin. The myosin then binds to the actin. With the hydrolysis of ATP the myosin head changes shape and a cross-bridge is form causing the muscle cell to contract. This cycle repeats itself until the contraction is done, or when there is nor more calcium or ATP energy. Once the triceps muscle is relaxed then the calcium gets back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.During relaxation of muscle cells, the level of calcium in sarcoplasm is low and the troponin holds the tropomyosin in position to block myosin-binding sites on actin. During contraction of the muscle cells, a muscle action potential opens calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the calcium flows into the cytosol.The growth of bones can happen through two different types of conformation which include intramembranous ossification and endochond ral ossification. The process for the growth of a long bone like the humerus, the process of endochondral ossification is used. This takes place on the epiphyseal plate (made from be hyaline cartilage) in the metaphysis area of the bone. There are four geographical zones on the epiphyseal plate a) the resting zone which contains the chondrocytes, b) the zone of proliferation where the chondrocytes divide and push the resting cartilage outwards, c) the zone of hypertrophic cartilage where the chondrocytes enlarge and lengthen the diaphysis, d) Zone of calcification- where dead chondrocytes and new one matrix is created. At the end of the growth period, the epiphyseal platesare completely ossify and the epiphyseal plates close around the age from 18-25. The epiphyseal plates then become the epiphyseal lines. The calcium is a necessary dietary requirement for proper bone growth, development in the body, and to prevent bone deterioration or an example of a disease called osteoporosis .

General Principles of Good Governance

General Principles of Good Governance 1. Service to Others Service to others allows us to practice doing what Jesus would do and it connects us to those we serve and give us a kind of satisfaction that self-interest can never offer. When we serve others we are reminded that nothing in this flavour lasts as long as the bonds we form with other people, and theres no better way to connect ourselves to others than by working together for our common good and because everything we possess comes from God, we should be willing to share it all.Think how much those talents mean when you share them with someone who needs your particular brand of expertise. Even the little things we do, like luck someone to transfer or positioning them or even feeding them, can make life a little easier for someone else. 2. Professional competence When we talk of professional competence, we refer to longanimouss expectations that the professional they come into contact with will be up to the job. Profession als should be able to do that which they profess they can do. The patient simply expects that the healthcare professional has up-to-date knowledge and skills.Professional competence requires a firm educational grounding, followed by a period of formal prepare to acquire the relevant knowledge and skills in the workplace. Thereafter, continued competence rests on a combination of education, continuous development, confidence and experience. Professionals competence also depends upon professionals themselves having an honest understanding of their abilities. It is crucial that errors in practice, or gaps in skill or knowledge, are acknowledged as early as possible and used as an luck for learning, rather than being suppressed or hidden out of fear of blame or sanction.Learning through mistakes can often be a very effective way of improving competence and understanding. 3. Solidarity and Teamwork Teams work together to problem solve more efficiently, with each team member offering a unique perspective to complex issues. Members recognize a need for each others expertise, talents and commitment to achieve their goals. For this reason, effective teams value open communication, treat each others as equals, and keep collaboration at the forefront by sharing information. Conflicts are resolved quickly within the group.

nt1330 unit 7 assinment1 Essay

TO Business ManagerFROM IT advisorI endure understand how you concerned with your companys security after all in all information on competitors can be invaluable or very harmful to a company and this is why it must be protected from meddlesome eyes. This does not have to mean that you have to lose production over trying to secure your networks information. An easy measure like intaker names and passwords can be used to protect less sensitive information but how strong you make those usernames and passwords can have a significant effect on how well your information is protected. I will give you some tips on how to better secure your network with the tools that you already have at hand, keep in mind that you can also buy better security items to better protect you network things like smart card, finger print scanners, retinal scanners, etc. but I only recommend these for really sensitive information and only for certain users in your company.On the server that is the DC log in to the administrator account and in the Active Directory Users and Computers in the Domain icon in the left pane click on the users icon, youll be able to get all of the users in that domain. From here you can click on any user and make changes as necessary, for user names I recommend you use the following format using capital and lower case letters the first letter of their name, their whole last name and their employee number, ex. CCbattle1234Domain*%.Local if someone scolder the account and all that they knew the person name and the domain name they could not get in because it is very unlikely that they would know that person employee number and if they do then you have a spy in your company. As for passwords I recommend that they be alpha numeric and what this means is that they should be at least eight characters long, be composed of upper and lower case letters, should contain at least one number and one special character.Best Regards,IT Consultant

India’s Population Essay

India with its 1.21 billion population occupies second place in the world next to China. India has about 17.5% of the world population with only 2.4% of the world area. The changes in the size of it and ontogeny of Indias population are considered here in terms of two broad periods, namely Pre-Independence period and the Post-Independence period. The year 1881 is important in the whiz that it was the year when the first census on a country wide basis was taken in India. nation of India Pre Independence PeriodAccording to Herodotus (490 B.C.), India was 1 of the most populous countries in the world. Alexenders army which invaded India in 327-326 B.C., found a cosmic population. Indias first real empire under Chandragupta Maurya (321-297 B.C.) leftover records indicating the existence of a standing army of approximately 7,00,000 men. Only a very substantial population could have supported such a large army. The first national decadal census was conducted in 1881 recording a popul ation of 225 million which declined to 251 million in 1921.The Population of India Post Independence Period work 1951, when the first census after independence was conducted, the decadal growth was around 13 to 14 pct, registering a gradual rise. 1961 recorded a growth of 21.5 part, which increased to 24.8 and 24.7 per centum in 1971 and 1981 respectively. In 1991 the growth rate slightly declined to 23.6 portion. It is a matter of concern that the decadal population growth rate has declined to 21.2 percent in 2001 which further declined to 17.6 percent in 2011. It is estimated that by 2028 India ordain double its population and it will become the most populous country in the world by 2035.Population readying in Five Year Plans India is the first country of the world to adopt the population planning to control its population as an official policy. After an elaborateness of clinical services in the first two five year plans, the third plan which started in an environment of shoc k, changed its dodging to extension approach which keep in the fourth plan too. The fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1979) has been unique in the history of the country as a new Family supplying Programme was opted during this. The National Population Policy Statement of April 1976 was the most articulate renunciation of the official policy. The following were its main features1. Increase the legal minimum date at marriage from 15 to 18 years for females and 18 to 21 years for males. 2. Freezing the population at the 1971 level for determining representation in Parliament and the State Legislatures up to 2000 A.D. 3. 1971 population was considered as the base for allocation of Central assistance to the State Plans. 4. Eight percent of Central Assistance to the States was to be linked with family planning programme performance. 5. The allotment of houses and loans were to be linked to family size.The eighth Five Year Plan (1992-1997) set the population goal for achieving a illuminate reproductive rate of one by turn of the century and zero population growth by the year 2050 A.D. The immediate objective of the National Population Policy 2000 was to address the unmet motivations for contraception, health care infrastructure. In the eleventh Plan which started in 2007, it was emphasised that only through a multi- pronged strategy of combining fertility control measure and welfare measures with population information for people at large and youths in particular along with do school education up to age 14 free and compulsory and reducing drop outs at primary and secondary school levels below 20 percent for both boys and girls, the population goal of India can be achieved. For the twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017), it has been emphasised to improve healthcare infrastructure and implementation of making education compulsory for all the children till the age of 14.Adverse Consequences of Population ExplosionThe population explosion, which is undermining all our ef forts towards development of the country, is perhaps the single most urgent problems faced by it. The recent census has revealed that while there has been a decline in the rate of growth of population, still the growth rate of 1.7 percent per annum is quite high. If the population growth continues as at present, the country will have such a large population which would be virtually unmanageable. despite best efforts, it would not be possible to provide even the basic necessities of life to the people at large. Such relentless population growth would withal create havoc to our environment and will lead to ecological crises. It has considerable impact on natural resource uses and socio economic development. Rapid population growth will also mean increased urbanization, which may lead to more diseases and further deterioration of water and sewer systems and various pollutions.Future DirectionsThere cannot be only one miracle formula which will cover the entire country. The main bar riers of population control such as poverty, illiteracy, son preference etc. need to be removed. Since these barriers operate simultaneously at different levels, it is difficult and rather impractical to assign priorities to them. It is obvious that increase in literacy and educational status of women will have positive effects on population control, infant mortality, health care, nutrition, sanitation and hygiene. Further, it will result in raising the age of marriage, improved familiarity of contraception and adoption of small family norm.Population control and Family Welfare Programme need to have a national consensus, cutting across political, religious and heathen differences. It should be based on active community participation and has to be transformed from a Government Programme into Peoples Movement. Population education should be part of school and college education. It should also form an important ingredient of adult education and non-formal education. Communication s trategies should be so devised as to be rough-and-ready enough to bring about attitudinal changes and dispel apathy, ignorance and misgivings about family planning and small family norm.In conclusion, it is important that people not only have proper health services which are both accessible and available, but they should also have access to employment which will provide them with financial security. People must be made educated and have awareness, as education itself is the best contraceptive. People should realize that having a girl child does not mean carrying a weighty burden.

Introduction to Communication in Health and Social Care

SHC 21 Introduction to communication in health, social care or childrens and young peoples answers 1. Understand why communication is important in the work setting 1. 1 People lead by many ways including non-verbal highlighting facial expression, eye contact, proboscis words, tangible gestures such as touch, dress and behavior, along with verbal including tone and pitch of voice. The age and fellowship of a soul one is communicating with, also dictates sensibly the amount of vocabulary i. words and terms used too . People pass to share ideas, information, educate, build relationships, express whole toneings and emotions, to be social, ask questions and expand their knowledge and share polar experiences. 1. 2 Effective communication affects all aspects of work. Talking to a child, parent, work colleague, friend or boss, takes on a variety of different levels of communication. possibly more smiles are given when public lecture to a child rather than to a boss figure.Also read How and When to Seek Advice About chat Introduction to Communication in Health and Social CareHaving a good understanding of effective communication in the work place, can help vitiate misinterpretation and misunderstandings especially important in ensuing a safe work place. Talking and listening to work colleagues, children and parents builds professional and personal relationships, helping attain trust between all parties. 1. 3 Observing reactions when communicating with people are especially important to ensure understanding on both parties. Maybe you have acknowledged that they whitethorn non be feeling well, are feeling sad or are excited most something through their body language.Reading psyches expression can tell you a lot about the mood the person is in. Avoiding eye contact, can also indicate that the person feels uneasy. If someone is angry, they whitethorn need time to calm down, acknowledging peoples actions and reactions can help lift or diffuse a situation. It is not advisable to continue to verbally talk to someone from a different country who does not understand you, maybe you can essay the help of a translator to help buy the farm or use picture cards. If someone has limited hearing and sight, nsure youre not in a dimly lit room and use ocular aids in bigger print to help the person understand what your communicating to them. Being able to recognize the ways in people communicate even without words is important to understand and be aware of. 2. Be able to meet the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of the individuals 2. 1. To find out an individuals communication and language needs, wishes and preferences there are many ways to find out this information, it could be from the individual themselves, from a parent, teacher, friend of the individual or their carer.There may be care notes, medical notes or documents from authorities which you can access to obtain this information if no rules of confidentiality a re broken, so you can see how theyre being managed, ways of communicating that helps and any progresses that have been made. Some preferences may also be based on the individuals beliefs, values or culture. It is important not to judge people for they may resist communication for fear of being judged or reprimanded. Offer reassurance about confidentiality and explain what this means. Also make sure the setting is fit for purpose, privacy is important.The individual and care worker should not hold a personal and unavowed discussion in a room wide-cut of people, whereby the conversation could be overheard. 2. 2 Demonstrate communication methods that meet the individuals needs wishes and preferences could include using a tattyer pitch in voice when talking to someone who has hard of hearing and ensuring there is no background distractive folie. If someone has difficulty reading, audio books can help. If an individual has dyslexia, then reading the information out loud to them, can help them better understand .A child having difficulty in remembering, may find a tape or video recorder a great assistive technology aid. A wheelchair user can talk to people at eye level if the unaided person sits down on a chair qualification both feel more comfortable when having a conversation and if a person cannot communicate properly via a disability, split second/need cards can be designed, allowing the person to choose which card they would like, ie TV, cup of tea, book, food or toilet. In the case of a outside(prenominal) language being utter, the help of a translator or interpretation service can assist. 2. You can show how and when to seek advice about communication if you feel unsure about something, maybe a fleshly incident may have taken place which worried you, maybe something was thrown at you. sometimes complex cases need extra assistance and help can be sought by talking to your peers, line managers, the individuals carer. A line manager or supervisor can he lp advise on specialist organisations who offer expert advice and services, as it is best not to think or second risk that you can manage the situation by yourself especially if you do not have the necessary skill set to deal with certain communication problems.Professional vocation to ensure individuals receive the very best care and support is essential to provide the best service you can for them. 3. Be able to reduce barriers to communicate 3. 1 There are many barriers to communicate both visible and invisible. One of the most common starts with oneself. One must make sure that the language used is one that the individual can understand. It is no use talking to someone about abbreviations, slang or acronyms when shortcutting talk, is not commonly used by the person youre speaking to, ie theyre not in the circle/workplace which those shortcuts/terms are commonly used.Individuals may not understandably understand what you are saying to them if those terms are used. If someone is hard of hearing then calling them on a telephone would not be recommended unless they had specialist equipment dedicated to improve the quality of the call so they could hear you properly. If someone comes from a different country, then language can present barriers too. new(prenominal) barriers could include emotional distress, health issues, cultural differences and environmental problems 3. 2 Demonstrate how to reduce barriers to communication in different ways.One of the most important factors would include making the other person feel at ease and comfortable with you. They should feel happy and safe in your company. Use friendly facial expressions, be promote and actively listen and acknowledge what theyre saying to you. Speak clearly and not too fast. Remove any distractions such as background noise and make sure any hearing aids an individual has, is working correctly. Use non-verbal methods to communicate interest, sympathy or understanding.Repeat things when necessary an d make sure the physical environment is ideally suited to the individual especially if they have a physical disability, where being confined to a wheelchair makes it impossible to meet you on the inaugural floor if there is no lift in the building. 3. 3 The ways to check that communication has been understood could include a recap of the conversation so that the messages discussed are re-confirmed and agreed by both parties. If communication has not been understood then going over what was said is essential and maybe in a different way to ensure agreement and understanding is reached.Summaries , clarity and agreements between both parties should ensure effective communication has been understood. 3. 4 Identifying sources of information and support or services to enable more effective communication can be sourced from a variety of organisations and experts. For example someone who is blind or going blind, may benefit from learning about the national charity, RNIB Royal National Inst itute of Blind People. A telephone number can be offered to the individual so they can make contact with the charity. Someone who is experiencing hearing loss, could contact Action on Hearing Loss and learn lip leading.Elderly could make contact with get on UK. The internet is a great source of information along with local library, community centers and workplace. Condition specific organisations including Cystic Fibrosis, Cancer Research and the Stoke connective allow people to access their services for further information and understanding. Translator (changing written text into another language ) or interpretation services ( converting spoken language into another) can also assist along with advocacy services for people who find it difficult to speak up for themselves, including GOV.UK website, Action for Advocacy website,The strong-minded Complaints Advocacy Service (ICAS) and Diabetes UK advocacy service 4 Be able to apply principles and practices relating to confidentiality at work 4. 1 The term confidentiality means a set of rules or a promise that limits access to, or places restrictions upon, certain types of information. One cannot discuss a persons private conversation, make comment about them to another person or pass over their documents to someone whom has no immediate need for this information. You cannot divulge their details to other people without their consent first. . 2 Confidentially can be demonstrated in day to day communication in line with agreed ways of working by the quest If a medical emergency takes place, the paramedics, doctors may need access to the patients medical history notes. If someone moves care homes, then the new home would need the individuals private papers from the previous home If someone was critically ill, information about their health would be passed to their next of kin Organisations have their own policies and procedures showing plenty in which information can be disclosed.These can usually be located within the HR Dept. 4. 3 Information might need to be passed on in the following circumstances Court hearing Hearing, learning about or seeing abuse of children or elderly adults Community aegis and public health (Alerting the authorities if youre aware and know about a potential outbreak of a virus/disease) Suicide attempt, by contacting a relevant body ie Police Risk to the individual or risk at others nearby the individual 4. One may need to seek advice about confidentiality and if it should be maintained, if one is uncertain about the next steps, has concerns or been informed of something by the individual including that they are fearful of a situation, by talking it through with the manager, they can offer advice and expert information in how to deal with certain circumstances. Also by referring to the companies policy and procedural guidelines, which would cover data tribute act, code of practice, freedom of information act, general right of access and whistle blowing .

Wilfred Owen -Anthem for Doomed Youth

These words indicate rifles were moving fast on the battleground as many soldiers were slain, this gives the reader a clear stunt man and uses caesura as they reflect on the deaths in the war. 2) Why are the men referred as cattle? Wilfred Oween refers the men as cattle as exemplified by the phrase who die as cattle. This simile is utilize in the meter to make the reader realism how many soldiers were killed during the war fight for there country. The men killed are compared to cattle to indicate the great number of soldiers inured and killed. At the start of the poem what rhetorical question Is asked by Owen in advance he goes to answer It? Owen asks a rhetorical question in the beginning of the poem which he then answers through break the rest of the poem as evident in what passing bells for those who die as cattle? The question asked is a rhetorical question which gives no time for the reader to answer however the poem does that. Caesura has been used In this rhetorical que stion because It will give time for the reader to reflect on the question whilst reading down the poem. How does Owen appeal to our reason of multitude and hearing by using the sounds of the battlefield? Owen appeals to our senses of sight and hearing using the sounds on the battlefields. This Is evident In no mockeries for them from prayers or bells, the phrase is good-hearted to our senses because it is explaining to readers ceremonies did not go on in any way either prayers or bells. The dead people were not given a proper funeral or mocked at. Owen uses the words prayer and bells because it is comparing the deaths then and now. It is highlighting the main differences of unreels.Moving on Owen also appeals to our senses by using personification to describe the gun shooting on the battlefield. This technique of personification Is event In monstrous anger AT teen guns Owen gives teen gun unman counterblasts to make the reader understand the sight and sounds on the battlefield. 5 ) Where does Owen suggest that there is no dignity in suffering during the war time? Throughout the poem Owen suggests that there is no dignity in suffering during the war time. He compares natural death to deaths caused by the war.This is evident in brainsick choirs of wailing shells the choirs are described as shrill and demented which indicate dying during war was a disastrous, mad and pointless. However dying naturally would be the completely opposite as you would have calm and reposeful choirs singing hymns rather than wailing shells. 6) What techniques does Owen suggest that young men were taken out of their beautiful countryside homes and persuaded to go to the frontline? Owen uses may techniques to show that they were missed and taken out of their countryside homes.One of the techniques used by Owen is a metaphor on line 13 stanza 2 as shown in the phrase their flowers the tenderness of silent maids. The metaphor used he is showing flowers were replaced by there wifes and girlfriends when they died fighting for there country. Family and friends were taking the place of flowers and missed thee brothers, dads, children and wives. Moving on Owen uses another technique to show they would not have a proper and burial and will be missed by there loved ones at home.

A Literary Analysis to Shitty First Drafts Essay

Writing does not always come out naturally for neither inexperience nor experience writers. In rotted first drafts, the talented author, Anne Lamott changes the misconception that constitution comes out naturally for a professional writer. Lamontt also address the common land problems that all writers encounter when writing while providing the reader with advice to invite past their problems when writing.Lamott states The right words and sentences just do not come pouring out handle ticker tape most of the time for writers. People have this unreasonable perspective that experience writers do not have any problems when it comes to writing or that experienced writers target just sit tweak and write a perfect draft. However, experienced writers do go through the common motion, such as not knowing where to survive or where to write more than i rough draft. Even though, experienced writers go through the common motion listed above, they do not allow those common motions to defea t them, withal that is what makes them professional writers.A child want draft is a rough draft which the writer can just write freely and write about anything that comes to mind. Lamott states The first draft is the childs draft, where you allow it all pour out and let it romp all over the place, Knowing that no one is going to see it and that you can shape it later. A child like draft consists of fragment sentences, decease on, misspelling, and many other in corrections. A writer should never be ashamed of their child like draft because it helps create new ideas. If the writer does not have a clue on how to start their writing, it helps the writer see what fits the topic and what does not and prepares the writer for the final draft.Internal and external distractions are common problems that writer experience when writing these distractions can come in many form such as a cell phone, T.V, useless thoughts, and even people. Distractions whether internal or external prevent sou l from think on their preparation for writing their assignment. To avoid being overwhelmed by distractions whether internal or external someone must disregard the things that are not beneficial to their writing, even if it means finding a clandestine place to write.Furthermore, writers must keep in mind that there are going to be jury-rigged problems in their writing process and that these problems can be conquered. Writer should never allow these problems to put their writing on a halt, but if these problems do then writer should implement the advice that is found in shitty first drafts.

Gibb s and Kolb s Reflective model Essay

In this report I am going to evaluate the going between Gibbs (1988) and Kolb (1984), drawing primarily on Gibbss reflective model.The Kolb unit of ammunition 1984 was print before Gibbs 1988, David A. Kolb published his conception after an experimental test on a book Experience as the character reference of study and development while Gibbs published his theory by developing on the existing Kolb cycle (ehow07/10/2014).Kolbs theory is based on 4 cycles. It starts with doing something as an individual, a group of full deal or even a team in Kolbs cycle you cannot learn while watch or reading you must do something to learn, then on the second stage you need to fall apart for a while review what happen and experience it and start asking question and communicate with different members of the group, abstract Conceptualization is the stage of understanding what happened and why it happened in this stage we need to know what we waste done and what we know, the final stage we give beat to plan if next time the experience happens what be we going to do and what action give be taken . To summarize Kolb is based on learning by doing things (simplypsychology published 2010, updated 2013)Figure 1 Kolbs reflective cycleThe Gibbs cycle is based on sestet stages. It starts with describing what happened, then asking what do you feel and thinking about this experience, then the third stage is rating (was the experience good or shitty?), next it analyses what can you make from this situation or proceeds then last but not least drawing a conclusion-what could you done differently in this situation? Finally, you must draw up some action plans in case it happens again what will you do. (qmu 7/10/2014).Figure 2 Gibbs cycleMy preferred reflexive model is Gibbs, whose cycle provides provided detail toreflections and also suggests following steps. Now lets demonstrate this model in relation to my first sidereal day at BCU.DescriptionIt was my first day in the univers ity BCU Birmingham City University on the induction day I get there on time to attend my first lecture. Although it was busy with scores of students and staff members it was a bit messy and it was a big university. Due to that, I was lost and I couldnt take in my lecture theatre, but luckily I asked the staff to show me where to go. I got there on time but it was banefully organized and I was obliged to take the dark small stairs with lots of early(a) student, some of them nearly fell down, as they couldnt see the steps. When we got there it was a whale screen with lots of people waiting for the lecture to start. However, it wasnt that interesting for the students who are originally from Birmingham. thence we were asked to leave on the back door, we where queuing for about 5 minutes to get out and go to the enrollment.In the enrollment it was also a long queue and we were asked to show our boarding passes. I saw on the boarding pass that I would need to provide my passport an d my original diplomas so I asked the aforesaid(prenominal) lady that gave me my boarding pass as I didnt need any of these documents since they had been taken by the university to extend my visa. She said it would be fine and just have a seat. I sat on the chairs and started moving from chair to chair for nearly two hours to get to the enrolment desk where I heard the bad news that I wouldnt be able to enroll, as I need to bring other documents. After waiting for 2 hours all I received was sorry you will need to bang back tomorrow.FeelingsI felt really disappointed and stressed on that day. These issues were beyond my affirm and it didnt show off my future university in a good light.EvaluationIt was a good experience I meet new people exchanged ideas with them made newfriends. However the bad point was I waited too long to enroll and in the end I didnt fall upon my aim.AnalysesUpon further analysis, it is fair to suggest that the cause of the problem lies in a misunderstanding between BCU in Millennium point and Perry Barr. The lack of communication between both campuses meant staff did not know I didnt have either my passport or any original documents. Although members of staff were helpful, this problem could have been resolved elsewhere.Conclusions and action plansIn this situation I suggest that they will be more organized and more welcoming, Next time I will try to be there earlier to distract waiting in the long queue.Bibliographyhttp//www.kcl.ac.uk/campuslife/services/disability/service/Using-Gibbs-Reflective-Cycle-in-Coursework.pdfhttp//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/reflective-cycle.htmhttp//www.businessballs.com/kolblearningstyles.htmhttp//www.ldu.leeds.ac.uk/ldu/sddu_multimedia/kolb/static_version.phphttp//academic.regis.edu/ed205/Kolb.pdfhttp//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/reflective-cycle.htmReferenceshttp//www.ehow.co.uk/info_7874336_differences-between-gibbs-kolb-cycles.htmlAccessed on (07/10/2014)http//www.simplypsychology.org/learnin g-kolb.htmlAccessed on (07/10/2014)http//www2.le.ac.uk/departments/gradschool/training/eresources/teaching/theories/kolb Accessed on (07/10/2014)http//www.ulh.nhs.uk/for_staff/education_and_training/clinical_education/leadership_in_practice/documents/gibbs_reflective_cycle.pdf Accessed on (07/10/2014)http//www.qmu.ac.uk/els/docs/Reflection.PDF Accessed on (07/10/2014)Figure 1 http//tlcommunityunitec.ning.com/profiles/blogs/reflective-practice-as-part-of Accessed on (19/10/2014)Figure 2 http//safaashaaban.wordpress.com/core-module/final-reflection-2/ Accessed on (19/10/2014)

How may advertising act as a barrier to entry? Essay

Like almost every science, the school of Industrial economics is made up of theory and confirmable studies. In Industrial economics, empirical studies be industry studies conducted by a number of researchers. Joe Bain, from the Harvard school of industrial economics, first mentions barriers to institution in an industry study he conducted in the early 1950s. Bain links entry barriers to the capacity to raise toll above unit (marginal) cost in the long run without inducing potential entrants to enter the industry.Demsetz of the sugar school links the idea of entry barriers to government based restrictions on entry, which are not pertinent for this essay. Bain outlines a total of three types of barriers to entry Absolute cost advantages, Economies of scale and Product distinctiation. Bain links announce and the creation of copyrighted brand names to crossway differentiation. In his 1956 industry study, he constitute that advertize acts as a barrier to entry much in some ind ustries than in others.For example, he found that in the Automobile and Cigarette producing industries, advertising, effectively constituting as a barrier to entry in his belief, is utilise to a richlyer extent than in the ignoreed fruit and vegetable industry. For a definition of advertising we lift to Colley (1961). He defines advertising as mass paid communication, the ultimate purpose of which is to impart information, develop attitudes and stimulate action beneficial to the kick upstairsr. advertize is usually used by firms to inform and/or diverge customers to buy their products.Firms also use advertising to remind ex-consumers that their product is still on the market or to hamper the entry of new firms into the market. It is important to establish whether advertising is predatory or cooperative advertising. edacious advertising attracts away customers from competition, whereas cooperative advertising developments demand for all firms in the market. A profit exploi t firm pass on typically advertise as long as the expected marginal revenue enhancement from advertising equals the expected marginal cost of advertising. ad levels vary betwixt markets mainly due to differences in market structure. For a profit-maximizing monopolist, the optimal level of advertising is dependant on the ratio between advertising and price elasticities according to Dorfmann and Steiner (1954). The greater the consumers responsiveness to advertising and the lower their responsiveness to changes in the product price, the higher will be the optimal level of advertising relative to sales. In an oligopoly market structure, melodic phrase (1972), argues that advertising plays a more important role than price competition.Cable argues that rival firms quickly sort out changes in price, which leads them to also lower their prices as a consequence. With regards to advertising, it is unlikely that changes in their levels are quickly cognize by the competition and cause on profits are unlikely to be closely related. This is the write up why, according to Cable, in an oligopoly market environment high advertising intensity prevails. Advertising as eyeshot view This view is advocated by the Harvard school scholars, like J. Bain (1968). The assumption is that advertizement changes peoples perception of the product.According to Bain, advertisement increases market power and prices, as well as distorting consumers preferences. Bain argues that by changing the consumers perception in favor of the advertised product, demand for it becomes less price sensitive, more inelastic to changes in its price. Without any immediate changes in the challengers advertisement levels, consumers will be less likely to change their choices, even if the competitor lowers prices. If a rival company wishes to enter the market, it has to either claim substantial price cuts or advertise more than the incumbent.Bain classifies persuasion advertising as a barrier to entry, since either lower prices or heartbreaking advertisement expense will heavily reduce the entrants potential profits. John Sutton brought an extension to Bains Advertising as persuasion-view in 1992. Sutton sees advertising as an endogenous strategic change posture cost expenditure, which firms alter like they alter price and quantity. In his model, Sutton assumes that companies use advertisement to influence different levels of perceived quality just like Bain does. This leads to consumers perceived quality becoming a function of firms advertisement.F(u) = f + a (u), where F(u) is the total level of fixed costs and u is the perceived quality, with a (u) being an change magnitude function. Sutton finds in his three staged game, that even as advertising levels increase, the number of firms in the industry ashes unchanged, even if the market is growing. (Church and Ware, 2000) Advertising as information-view This view is advocated by the Chicago school scholars, like Stigler (196 1). He sees advertising primarily as a means of firms providing information to consumers, who lack knowledge about the products on the market.Stigler reckons that advertisement changes consumers perception about a product so that they can make the decision as to which product is best to them. Different to Bains theory, this information will actually make the demand for products more price elastic. Consumers have more information about the product and will make more reasoning(prenominal) decisions. This leads to companies competing and a lower profit maximising price for the incumbents. New firms can make customers aware of the features and prices of their products though informative advertising.Whichever firm, whether incumbent or entrant, offering the best value for quality in the eyes of the consumer, will expand in the long-term, benefiting from economies of scale, leading to higher levels of concentration. In the long term, therefore, effective informative advertising may als o be classified as a barrier to entry. Empirical evidence Catherine Matraves studied the food market structure, R&D and Advertising in the Pharmaceutical diligence in 1999. She found that as markets across the world in this industry become more liberalized and open, e. g. total market size increases, advertising spending of surviving firms also increased.Matraves uses Grabowski and Vernons industry studies of the pharmaceutical industry in her paper, which reject Bains Advertisement as persuasion-view, but support the Stigler view Advertisement as information. Grabowski and Vernon found that high advertisement-sales ratios did not act as an effective barrier to entry. Geroski and Murfin (1991) observed a different relationship between advertisement and entry. The two researchers found that in the UK car industry falling concentration and increasing imports lead to an increase in advertisement intensity.They conclude their findings in saying that advertising facilitates entry to t he extent that an entrant can account for a large share of total industry advertising. However, they note that it is very costly to sustain this large share of advertising. Fiona M. Scott Morton, also studied the Pharmaceutical Industry, but only looking at the U. S. (1998). Fiona looked at the entry decisions generic pharmaceutical manufacturers face when they look at markets which have been opened by overt expiration to competition. She confirms the findings of Grabowski and Vernon (1992) stating that advertising is exogenous to entry decisions.She finds some evidence that brands may affect generic entry very slightly by advertising before patent expiration, but both effects are nearly insignificant. Fiona concludes her paper stating that brand advertising is not a barrier to entry by generic firms into the US pharmaceutical market. Conclusion We have seen two models in this essay, Bains Advertising as persuasion-view and Stiglers Advertising as information-view. The models outl ined show how the different views shared on the purposes and effects of advertisement yield different outcomes on concentration and market entry.Persuasive advertising causing high brand loyalty forces potential new entrants to either outspend the incumbent for advertisement expenditure or to offer high price cuts. These constitute in substantial barriers to entry. Stiglers Advertising as information-view sees advertisement as a barrier to entry mainly in the long term, as companies selling products at the best price for the best quality to well-informed consumers, expand and benefit from economies of scale. However, empirical research shows that in the absolute majority of industries, advertising does not constitute in a barrier to entry.BibliographyJoe Bain Relation of Profit Rate to Industry Concentration American manufacturing, 1936-40, 1951, Quarterly Journal of Economics Barriers to New Competition, 1956, Harvard University Press Industrial Organization, 1968 Grabowski, H. G. and J. M. Vernon, stigmatise loyalty, Entry, and Price Competition in Pharmaceuticals after the 1984 Drug Act, Journal of Law and Economics, vol35, Pages 331-345 Catherine Matraves Market structure, R&D, and Advertising in the Pharmaceutical Industry, The Journal of Industrial Economics, Pages 175-177

Transformative Power of Civil Society

A authorityheid divided pot and was in favour of white pack and left the mass of black pot poor. This created in tolerableity between black spate and white commonwealth, thus this resulted in the hoi polloi in the people who atomic number 18 disadvantaged by apartheid to form genteel societies to help fight pauperism themselves. This essay pull up stakes critically discuss whether obliging conjunction has transformative authorisation in siemens Africa and give c bewise to what extent does it cave in transformative say-so, that is if it has transformative potential.This paper will discuss this by looking at what at what civic parliamentary law is, looking at culture and how ordinary people challenge forced using ( occur down) by engaging in genteelian corporation. In this paper three case studies namely the capital of Seychelles mxenge and amadiba crisis charge and the xenophobia protest will be used as models to analyze the topic further. Essentially this p aper will attempt to show that urbane community is both transformative and non-transformative. Development has been debated by sociable scientist and they came up with distinguishable theories of development.Development theories are trying to equalize the inequalities that were created by apartheid and anlyse and find reasons astir(predicate) why things are like this in second Africa. The theories of development include modernization surmisal, dependency speculation, people centred development theory and sens development theory. modernisation theory implies that western culture is more superior and modernization theory looks at the different levels of technological development across the globe and explores development in terms of inequality ( Graaf, 2001). accord to Davids (2005) modernization theory focuses on the fact that if the less developed boorish wants to develop then it should check the developed countries. check to davids (2005,09) modernization theory regards western culture to all others. This nonion of modernization takes us back to apartheid where the western culture was seen as the ideal culture out of the cultures we have in sulfur Africa argues David (2005). This makes the people to start civil societies so that they can voice out their views.Roodt (2001) argues that civil golf club is make when the formal administration becomes more distant from rural people and the people decide to do things for themselves. Modernization theory is often challenged by civil ball club by counteracting and ambitious the status quo. Graaf (2001) talks intimately the two main approaches for development which is top-down and bottom up approach. The two approaches monitors how development happens the people that are needed to take part in order for development to happen.According to Roodt (2001,469) argues that participation is seen as unmatched of the ingredients needed to promote sustained development, thus roodt further says that this non to say that development equals sustained development. The top- down approach to development refers to the tendency of the recite to implement development with miniature or no consultation with the people who are meant to benefit Roodt (2001,469). For example when wanting to develop the poor in south Africa the rich people will come up with ship government agency to do develop them and the poor people will non have a say or will have a little voice. Bottom up approach of development is when the beneficiaries of any proposed development participate through their organizations in ascertain the type of development most relevant to their needs, and may also participate in the implementation and incidental running or monitoring of the development Roodt (2001,469). This approach is dependent on the needs of the corporation and its well-nigh how the community want to develop its self and not acquiring some wizard from the state to evidence the community what they should do.But its about the community telling the state what they are doing (Roodt,2001). The bottom-up approach goes peck in hand with civil society and sens theory of development. According to Roodt (2001) civil society is the part is the part of the society outside the boundaries of both administration and the family which is often seen to be the source of democratic diversity and of stretch forthance to political sympathies excess. This doer that people create social presences that does not include the government acquire snarly and so civil society is non-governmental.Walby (2009) argues that the aims of civil society is to respond in modifys inresources, power, and material positioning, revorking the frames and material positioning and reworking the frames and discourses that provide meaning. Blaaw (1999) argues that civil society is increasingly being looked on as the source of secondary and more equaltable forms of society. Civil society focuses more on people centred development and harmonise to Scholte (1999,07) Civil society exists whenever people mobilise through voluntary associations in initiatives to shape the social order.Civil society challenges top down approach of development because it foreshortens people involve in their own development by challenging the notion of top down approach For example according to Ismail (2009) Victoria Mxenge was building stick outs for poor people because the resides that the government was building were too small and the government a lot of time to build the house so they built the houses. Note Ismail (2009) notes that since South Africa is a developing country so poor people regards or ac grappleledges larn and education to overcome poverty.The case claim of Victoria Mxenge Ho employ Development stand part of the south African homeless peoples federation, its an organization made up of women who wants to develop themselves by forming a housing social gallery Ismail (2009). In this case study civil society has transformative potential because previously during apartheid in South Africa poor women have been excluded from mainstream education by apartheid legislation, lack of money, no easy access code to educational facilities, or social prejudices which dictate that women stay at home to care for the family Ismail (2009,282).So by doing this civil society changed the social order or the functioning of the country by breaking the bounderies. According to Ismail (2009,292) The VM women built on traditional notions of African motherhood tho went further in important ways and developed political skills in mobilising resources and learnt through great personal endeavour, patience, sacrifice and rigour but rarely developed a feminist consciousness and thitherfore made no analysis of patriarchy or capitalisAccording to Ismail (2009) this social movement also broke the of women learning in informal and non- formal way, there for civil society transformed them because they can now partici pate in learning in their all day life and support their daily struggles. Ismail (2009,01) further says that in South Africa informal education and learning has developed so that excluded groups do have some opportunity for learning. This development is eople centred because if people where not there it wouldnt take place. what is more this development response has given rise to a poor womens pedagogy in which they become the advocators and innovators of development practice. Victoria mxenge did have transformative potential because it built house for the poor and made a difference and changed the social order that not only can government can build houses for the poor but also women can build houses on their own.However in the end the organization did not have transformative because Victoria mxenge was taking loans from banks to build the houses left the organization in debt and in that palpate Victoria mxenge didnt have transformative potential. Furthermore the state finish up modelting involved in the matter and they did not have much of a say now in the development so it didnt have transformative potential because they did not change the top-down approach of development. Victoria mxenge shows that civil society can be transformative and non transformative.Roodt (2001) talks about sens theory, Sens theory argues that exemption is the primary end and principal means of development and Victoria mxenge has lost that freedom because they did not require in the end, but the government choose for them and Victoria mxenge doesnt have collective agency. Sens theory of development talks about development as freedom that looks at human being well-being and how to value it. According to Roodt(2001) Sens theory values that in order for people or a community to develop, freedon should be taken as the foundation for development.Furthermore more the theory talks about self-colored freedoms or opportunities in the sense that if people have substantial freedoms they will have the ability to secure what they value, engage in economic transactions ,participate in political values will be equal to the capability to function in ways they consider valuable archieving the goals they have set for themselves Roodt,2001. Sens theory is people centerd and participation is important in order for development to take place and thus republic matters in the sense that choice matters and so the theory takes equality and rights of the people seriously ( Roodt,2001).So this means that people centred way of taking decisions about what the community wants and what is valuable is important. sens theory of development has human agency because public participation is important. Globalization refers to the fact that we all increasingly live in one foundation , so groups and nations become interdependent Giddens (2006). The interdependency takes place ecomonically, technology wise and communication wise. During apartheid in south Africa, the world(a) civil society g ot involved and helped to fight apartheid.According to Klungman (2011,09) global civil society is manifestation of social energies released by awakening of human consciousness to possibilities for creating societis that nurture and rejoice in a love of all human beings. According to Scholte (1999) argues and says that global civil society is ensures peace around the world for example if the is war global civil society has to fight and try to create peace there. So in the context of south Africa global civil society helped and fought apartheid . o in this context civil society has shown to have transformative potential by changing the social order that the apartheid government was using and brought res publica in south africa. When globalisation takes place they are people who are benefiting from it and some are not benefiting but are actually disadvantaged by globalization. For example looking franchise wise mc donalidazation is not benefiting south Africa in the sense that they b uild their restaurants but more of the money that they get goes to their country of origin so it does not do much on south africas economy.So it does not transform south Africa in that context however it does transform south Africa by creating jobs for the unemployed and they get money so it does have transformative power because it helps fight unemployment. Blaauw (2003,02) argues that the economic and social choices that government entails for national government also have ernomous implications for civil society organizations and formations. By this blaauw (2003) argues that the dicisions that the government takes economically and socially affects civil society.Furthermore Blaauw (2003,02) argues that the new global reconfiguration, which compels governments to become more responsive to financial markets than the needs of their poor citizens, has met with resistance from social forces ostensibly because of the dialectic of inclusion and exclusion. This means that since when the st ate gets involved in global reconfiguration it halt paying attention to the poor and pays more attention to globalisation . n addition Blaauw (2003) argues that as global markets forces rise the role of the state as an economic provider lacks and this calls for a need for civil society to develop and grow. The people respond to being disadvantaged by globalization by striking, forming civil society groups and some by sticking more to their ways of doing things. For example people are hy capitulationhobic of getting involved in globalization because they think they will loose they will loose their money.For example looking at people in eastern cape are still farming for themselves to resist development and globalization. For that reason civil society has changed that and therefore it did not show to have transformative potential, because it did not change the social order of doing things. Looking at the under development in the transkei Bundy cited in (Graaf & Venter, 2001) argues that poverty and self-sufficiency in the former Transkei region was not in the form of the community not wanting to participate to the modern economic sector opportunities.Amadiba community crisis committee is Community-based organisation which has members of about three thousand local people from Amadiba. Amadiba crisis development fought the lobby group against Xolobeni sand dune mining walby (2009). The organisation was conflict to get the exploit back so that it can be theirs and amadiba favour sustainable community based eco-tourism argues Walby (2009). by this the community was in charge of their development and the development it their choice . madiba crisis committee has also partnership with ACC and sustainable community based tourism Civil society has transformative potential because looking at the amadiba case study the community fought to get the mine back from the people from austraila. The people fought by themselves without the help of the government and the gover nment was not part of the people who wanted the mine. This brought transformation to the community because they were fighting for one thing and with the equal vision and they got what the mine that they were fighting for .However even though they got the mine they are not using it which brings the point that civil society can have transformative potential and non transformative potential. They dont have transformative potential in the sense that the mine is not benefiting them in any way because it is not opened and they are fighting alone and taking each other to court. Its also not transformative because the people who are fighting might be both members of the state and business and it leads to conflict, so now they dont know what to choose between the two. his shows that amadiba crisis committee have agency, because it manage to change the social functioning . The paragraph shows that one organization can have society having transformative potential and also not having transform ative potential. During may 2008 south African citizens started a afraid(predicate) endeavor , where by the citizens were removing people who came from other countries to work here while they are not south African citizens were removed ( Bond,2010).Bond (2010) furthermore argues that the xenophobic attacks were violent such that 62 migrants were murdered while hundreds of people which includes children and women were attacked and some were raped. Bond (2010) argues that not only did the people attack the migrants but they also burnt their houses and some of the houses were destroyed. According to Bond (2010) peoples reasons for the xenophobic attacks was employment in the sense that they cut the migrants taking cheap labour and taking most of the job opportunities.Employment was the key factor for the xenophobic attact because Bond (2010) mentions that some of the citizens were saying that the migrants come in to the country and open businesses so jelousy was also involved and s ome said its because the number of foreigners was uncontrollable. So this was implemented because of the lack of effective communication between communities and the state so it caused conflict and the citizen were angry and decided to things by the selfs and remove the foreigners out of the country.In this case civil society had transformative potential because the community did what they wanted to do because the government was not doing anything for them. A civil society was formed then to move the people who are not south African citizens out of the country. The movement was not formal in the sense that was not like amadiba crisis committee or Victoria mxenge because this social movement didnt have a name and it was a group of people from different parts of south Africa who saw the aforesaid(prenominal) problem and started the attack. nd it had transformative potential in a bad way, thus according to Scholte (1999) civil society can be good and evil. Xenophobia brought social cha nge because it resulted in the people dismission back to their countries and south African citizens getting the job.The movement used bottom up approach of development but the question is, is it really bottom-up because they might have been someone who incited it. The transformation also has consequences which resulted in people loosing their lives . he whole xenophobia transformed the image of south Africa and it made people to have doubts about whether the country will be able to host the 2010 FIFA World cup safely . It led to people wanting to change their minds about coming to watch the world cup. The transformation was bad in the sense that it disturbed south africas interrelationship with other countries. So this brings out the proves that this social movement was creating the bounderies that globalization is trying to break.So the transformation was against globalization in the sense that people were now not thriving coming here and they lost their trust in south Africa. Th is negative transformation leads to a drop in the number of tourists that comes in the country and this finish up affecting the economic growth which ended up affecting those people who started xenophobia. However while people were chasing foreigners out of the country the was also civil societies formed which had people who were protecting the victims by hiding them (Bond, 2010).Bond(2010) argues that the civil societies that were formed to protect the foreigners used generally churches to accommodate the people who were being chased out of the country until the xenophobic attacks calms down. This brings the thought that not everyone sees things the aforementioned(prenominal) way because some saw the chasing the people out of the country as not good and others saw it as being good. This shows that civil societies can clash with one another and throught the clashing it shows that civil society had a transformative potential because a lot of the foreigners when back to their count ries.To conclude civil society has shown to have transformative potential as well as not being transformative potential in south Africa. I have proved that civil society has transformative potential it has helped the country to fight apartheid and change the social order of the way things were done during apartheid. This proved that civil society has a lot of transformative power when people have the same goal and showed that participation is important in order to change things.In the case of xenophobia civil society showed to have transformative potential in the sense that it achieved the goal of the social movement and removed the foreigners from the country. The xenophobic attack showed that civil society can be can be evil as Scholte (1999) argues because during the social movement people were killed and some were hurted and this attack showed that civil society can be negative because people ended up looting houses of the people who were foreigners. The xenophobic attack also s howed that civil societies can clash because people want different things.The Victoria Mxenge showed that civil society doesnt have transformative potential because the organization did not change the top down approach. Furthermore the amadiba crisis committee showed that civil society has transformative potential because the people fought for the mine and got the mine. However it showed that even if people form civil societies to fight for things at times they end up not using the things they are fighting for when they have it. By compering this I can conclude that civil society has more transformative potential in south Africa since apartheid as it has changed many social orders.

Communtiy service assignement Essay

In your own words, make out the following questions.1. What does the term jeopardize of signifi rottert harm mean? repartee q1. If the circumstances that be causing concerns for the safety welf be and wellbeing are present to significant extent.2. What are the types of pip-squeak abuse? serve well for q2.1.physical2. cozy3.neglect4.phychological3. Identify three possible indicators or signs for each type of babe abuse/neglect. Answers q31 physical bruising behaviour problems depression anxiousness 2 sexual bed wetting , darknessmares , s sustentationd of people touching them 3 neglect can be unbathed lousy, little to no food ,too big or small c bunchhing thats dirty4. What does the term obligatory reporter mean?Answer q4a mandatory reporter is a person that delivers health care education or children services to a child/ren chthonic 16 and authorise by the division union services and required to make reports5. Why is it important to adopt an inter way of life glide pat h? Answer q51,promoting a partnership approach to child securityTask 2Read the case studies below and answer the questions that follow.JameleYou are a player in a family hold back agency. Your service offers facilitated playgroups each week to materialization and iso lated begets. Jamelle is a 1 course old and attends each week with her mformer(a). Jamelle is a in truth timid and does not move with other children during play time. On a few occasions Jamelle has arrived with several large bruises which Jamelles mother has explained as accidents that had occurred whilst Jamelle was attempting to walk byherself. Jamelle often arrives smelling strongly of stale urine and appearing dirty and unwashed. When they arrived today for the playgroup Jamelle had bloodshot eyes and was very drowsy. Jamelles mother reported that Jamelle had not slept well that night and would probably need a lot of sleep today. During the session Jamelle began to vomit.1. What are the indicators of risk?Answ er q1.1.neglect2.abuse3. surmise risk of significant harm2. How you would react to this fleck?Answer q21.document and report to supervisory program2.investigate or possible employment of police and DOCS3.call ambulance to protect the health and safety of the child3. How would you prepare to make a report?Answer q31. time and date sign all documented2.follow all policy and procedures in your work dimension3.details of child ,dob name , address phone number, parent or carer if child has disability any game ground if cognize4.document what the mother has stated4. Who would you notify and when?Answer q41.immediately discuss situation with your supervisor after(prenominal) you suspect the abuse to the child5. What actions/work practices you would swallow as a follow up from the report. Answer q51.offer support and serve for family2.services for family eg counselling parental courses3.comply with your work place policy and proceduresTajYou are case worker in a local service that supports families where one of the parents has a mental illness. Your service offers a race of support services, one of which is a weekly support group for children aimed atreducing isolation and exploitation coping skills for dealing with a parent with mental illness. Taj is a 10 year old son who attends the service weekly. Taj is popular with both the staff and his peers and likes to participate in most activities. later on the run instruct holidays, Taj returned to the service a changed child, he has become aggressive and picks fights with his peers.He has also become aggressive towards the other male worker and is isolating himself. Taj has started wearing jumpers and long pants, even on warmer days and refuses to deal any clothing when he shows clear signs of being all overheated. During an activity, Tajs jumper became caught on the table and pulled up revealing a mass of red welts and recent burn scarring on his stomach and back area. oer the last few weeks Taj has draw n some explicit sexual pictures during art activities and has been using very sexualised language.1. What are the indicators of risk?Answers q1 Aggressive behaviour, picks fights, red welts, bur ns 1.physical2.sexual3.neglect2. How you would respond to this situation?Answer q21.ask taj whats happening while on school holidays also contact the family 2. report and document speak to principal and report to your supervisor3.make a child proctection report to DOCS and police3. How would you prepare to make a report?Answer q3 names and addresses of the child and his parents or responsible caregiver(s) childs age and gender nature and extent of injury, maltreatment or neglect approximate date and time the injury, maltreatment or neglect occurred the circumstances in which the injuries, became known to case worker previous injury, abuse/ neglect of the child or siblingsname of the person suspected to have caused the injury, sexual abuse/ neglect any action taken to treat or help the child and sign any other information the caseworker believes would be helpfulWhat actions/work practices you would take as a follow up from the report. 1 your repsonsibilty regarding the safety welfare or wellbeing of the child does not cease once report has been made docs it is still your responsibilty to use professional resources to provide support appropriate to your role and identify and respond to any concerns for the young childs welfareKarliKarli is a 16 year old resident in a youth refuge. She is quite precocious and outgoing with all the residents. After the first few days, you discoverd that she was flirting with one of the male youth workers. This is not an unusual situation and generally does not create major issues. Expectations that staff not engage in any kin other than a professional helping relationship are clearly outlined in the agency code of conduct, staff recruitment and ongoing professional development and training. You have noticed over the last few weeks that t he worker Jackson appears to be flirting back. You have noticed that there is a lot of incidental touching between them and while you have seen no touching that is clearly inappropriate you can feel a lot of sexual energy between them when they are interacting. You have tried to fig up it in discussion but Jackson is dismissive and will not engage on the topic.1. How you would respond to this situation?Answer q11.follow your work place policy and procedures2.report incidents of your observation to your supervisor3.discuss your concerns with jackson and karli2. What ethical issues may arise when responding to these situations? Answer q21.breaching the client and workers code of ethics2.client history and vulnerability and mental status3.disscussion of sexual or romatic relationship have occurred4.conflict of interest5.mandatory and disciplinary action for the case workerTask 3Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow.JosephPersonal Information about JosephDate of Birth 31/10/04Full Name Joseph Timothy DrakeAddress 13 Short St, ParkerLanguages spoken Chinese and EnglishNationality ChineseOther children Only childMother Liss (09) 7476 9435 & Partner Jake (no number provided)You are a community worker in a multicultural resource centre. Your service runs a range of programs to support and facilitate people from culturally diverse backgrounds. Many of your clients have limited social resources and one of the programs that is offered is a womens friendship group which aims to reduce the isolation of women. Lis attends the friendship group each week. Lis lives with her son, Joseph who is 5 years old. She has had a series of failed relationships and is currently seeing Jake who you have never met. Lis has engaged you in a number of conversations over several weeks, where she often breaks down and discloses details about fights she has had with her partner.Last week, Lis recounted the events of the previous weekend, when she forgot to leave the ke y under the door mat and so her boyfriend broke the front door and came in yelling at Lis. Joseph was still up with her at this time, and Lis continued to say that she was worried Joseph had seen her get hit several clock by Jake. Lis appears increasingly concerned that he might do something to Joseph as he keeps threatening her and arriving late at night after drinking. This week Lis turns up to the group with Joseph, although children are not part of the group. Lis mentions she is very upset as Jake had come home late again and there had been some trouble. During the group you notice that Joseph is aggressive with Lis and does not engage with other people. At one point Joseph wets his pants and you organise for a change of clothes. While Lis is changing Joseph you notice a large impact bruise on his back. When you approach Joseph lashes out.1. Where would you find information on how your service responds to Child Protection issues? Answer q11. document and report to supervisor th e worries and fears mother has for herself and joseph 2.ask mother consent to fill out incident report3.mandatory reporting guide4.multicultural services,internet/google5.child protection helpline2. List the legislative acts that govern Child Protection Services in your state/territory. Answer q21.family rectitude act 19752.law reform act 19953.family law amended act 20064.national quality standards5.onbudsman amendment act 19986.children and young person (care and protection) act 19987.children legislation amendment act 2009

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Analysis - Essay ExampleHowever, in this berth it appears that the church has developed a political arm, which has a firm grip amongst the legislators.Secondly, what is the purpose of the writer? The fountain tries to shed light on gross violations in the Bahamian society which are going on unabated yet, the very agencies designed to safeguard against this take to shifting responsibilities and some clips taking part in perpetuating these violations themselves e.g. the police, specifically in-charge of security, differ its duty by pegging its performance on the churchs intervention. Secondly, he condemns the church over its abuse of public trust by getting swayed into primarily pubic-related issues as opposed to their divine calling to administer matters of faith. Thirdly, he serves to open the eyes of members of the society to the realization that the boilersuit change as desired by the state-to free Bahamas of the previous year mishaps-lies ultimately in themselves as cit izens. He accomplishes this by showing failures of the legislatures, the security agents, and the custodians of the society such as the church.Thirdly, we examine the writers tone and feelings. The author is disapproving-even critical-about the ability of realizing the objectives of state for the New Year. He begins with much hope following the contract by Bahamas Christian Council that calls on a change of peoples attitudes. This hope gradually ebbs away into despair, and he appears disillusioned in lieu of the rot within the very council empowered to oversee the transition. He appears enraged at one point when the BCB makes submissions to the local cable network and the URCA on suitable time to air adult-rated programming. To him, it seems the council is being hypocritical by at one point rightly condemning dispersion of pornography due to its impact on children, yet in the very same breathe appears to esteem its viewing by the adult population (White field 3, paragraph 5). Sho uldnt the council

American Government - Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Government - - Research Paper ExampleThe U.S. subsequent involution in Afghanistan may go down as one of the most controversial policy decisions in American history (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir). Indeed, there are a image of complex questions involved when determining the chaste and political merelyifications behind the policy in Afghanistan. This essay functions to considers the fall in States policy in Afghanistan in semblance to factors and issues affecting the topic, the current status of the topic, and future concerns of the policy. One of the main justifications of the United States involvement in Afghanistan is the whim that Al Qaedas attack on the United States violated the just state of war theory. The just war theory explains that only government led groups can lead an attack, only they must do so for a just cause. Its been said that Al Qaeda broke the just war theory because they attacked civilians with no cause. Furthermore, the attack on the Pentagon, on e could argue, was a government driven attack. The subsequent war represents the American response to the threat. There is no doubt that the American response had its economic and strategic interests, but the essential reason for the Americas actions following September 11 many believe is for the defense reaction of freedom (Bennis). Supporters of the war in Afghanistan believe in the progress that can be made in defending freedom and democracy anywhere in the world. Indeed, freedom became after September 11 an general explanation for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The wars conducted by the United States were justified as a response to the terrorist attacks which aimed the basic liberties of the American society. Freedom was soon perceived as an American good that must be promoted everywhere and the United States was seen as having the moral duty of promoting democracy throughout the world. While it is yet to be seen if the attempted tack in the political system of Afghanistan represents progress, supporters of the war believe that democracy in the Middle East give eventually lead to progress. Even as the war policy in Afghanistan was initially justified as a means of national security, the United States longevity and continued presence many argue has be to be problematic. While the war policy might go for started along well-justified measures, its argued that it now carries a toll on the American population (Rashid). Within this spectrum of understanding there are a number of points policy opponents waste raised. One important reason that individuals must consider is peoples safety here at home. While the War on Terrorism has been sold as fighting the terrorist abroad so they must not be fought at home, this seems a somewhat specious concept. Military recruiting is down. Young people do not want to join the Armed Forces when it is quite clear they could die in Afghanistan. This shortage results in fewer qualified members of the armed forces, and lea ves fewer in America to protect against terrorism and attack. There have already been reported over 2,600 coalition force member deaths. That includes 2,463 Americans. Almost 18,000 military personnel have been wounded during the war, and thousands of Iraqis and insurgents have also died during the fighting (BBC 2009). This human cost may be the most grueling consequence of the war to bear. Innocent people did die on September 11th and nobody deserves the aggravator and agony of the terrorists terrible actions, but now it

Ethics in health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ethics in health - Essay ExampleThe devastating impact of squirt maltreatment on unmarrieds, families, and society at large is well documented in empirical and clinical studies (Gilbert, 1994). Many serious long-term effectuate have been linked to child maltreatment, including mental retardation, intellectual and intelligence handicaps, impaired aggressive impulse control, gaunt ego competency, reduced reality testing, and poor interpersonal races.Child maltreatment results in increased unsociable activities. Maltreated aboriginal aboriginal children have more serious personal problems and engage in more antisocial activities and violence toward themselves and others (Hutchinson, Dattalo and Rodwell, 1994). When older, they end up in juvenile and adult correctional facilities at higher(prenominal) rates than aboriginal children from the general population. It is evident that child abuse and neglect is a problem that affects not only the individuals and families directly involv ed, but every last(predicate) sectors of society. at that placefore, in order to deal with this problem, it is necessary for all professionals from all aspects of human ecology (individual, family, community, society, world) to become involved.Aboriginal children throughout the world survive an array of threats to their development, well-being, and survival (Lindsey, 1994). They suffer from poverty, famine, disease, and war. They suffer as they navigate the child-rearing practices and rites of their diverse cultures. And, they suffer from acts of omission or commission by their individual parents and caretakers. Parental behavior that compromises the development and survival of their offspring seems to contradict the biological and cultural dictates of rearing the nigh generation (Pecora et al, 1995). This enigma of human behavior demands consideration from a wider range of human cultural registration than that afforded by Western societies alone. This chapter will consider def initional issues that have been an impediment to cross-cultural research on child maltreatment. It will then turn to a review of current knowledge concerning categories of aboriginal children vulnerable to abuse, the relationship of kinship and social networks to child maltreatment, and the impact of urbanization and social change.Child abuse is defined as any action (or lack of) which endangers or impairs a childs physical, psychological or emotional health and development. There are many factors that constitute child abuse (Pelton, 1989) Physical Abuse - is any physical spot to a child which is not accidental. This involves severe beating, shaking, burns, human bites, strangulation.Emotional Abuse - is when a child is not nurtured and is not provided with love and security. This involves constant criticism, belittling and persistent teasing.Sexual Abuse - is when the child is involved in any sexual activity with an adult. This involves fondling, exhibitionism, sexual intercourse, incest, pornography.Neglect - is depriving a child of their essential needs. These include nutrition, clothing, fondness and shelter, emotional security and protection, medical and dental care, hygiene, education and supervision.According to Campbell in 1999, a clinical doctor, every case of child abuse racecourses to permanent damage and great long-term suffering. It may also lead to psychological trauma. Caplan in 1994 defined psychological trauma as the unique individual experience of an upshot or enduring conditions, in which 1.